Ginkgo Biloba





We now know lack of memory is the problem.

Let's change that!



**   Gingko Biloba is the key!

It opens the door to memory!

       


       


We can't stress this strongly enough.  Everything else depends

on this bridge.



Studies Below:



Clinical Trials 



Update of 2002 Cochrane evidence-based review of Ginkgo biloba for cognitive impairment and dementia found that while safe with no excess adverse effects compared to placebo, overall the evidence for predictable and clinically significant benefit is inconsistent and unconvincing. Birks 2007


Among 80 patients with vestibular symptoms, 13 patients (16%) had tried some form of complementary therapy for their vestibular symptoms. Ginkgo biloba and acupuncture were the two most popular treatments. Six of the 13 patients reported that their choice of treatment(s) helped them. Baguley 2006


[Letter to the Editor: The effect of the ingestion of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) on the pharmacokinetics of metformin in non-diabetic and type 2 diabetic subjects-A double blind placebo-controlled, crossover study.] Blumenthal 2006


A 12-week, double-blind, study assessed effects of ginkgo (120 mg per day) on cognitive abilities, attention and mood in 93 healthy older adults (55-79 years) & in 104 young adults. For older adult sample, longer-term memory assessed by associational learning tasks showed improvement with ginkgo. Burns 2006


Ginkgo Evaluation of Memory study of Ginkgo biloba was carried out by administering 120 mg twice per day as Ginkgo biloba extract, as a 5-year, randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in prevention of dementia (and especially Alzheimer's disease) in normal elderly. DeKosky 2006


Review on pharmacological strategies that have been clinically studied for the primary or secondary prevention of Alzheimer's disease shows that at least 4 large prevention trials of conjugated oestrogen, selenium and vitamin E, Ginkgo biloba and statins are currently underway. Doraiswamy 2006


The Ginkgo Evaluation of Memory Study, a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial evaluating Ginkgo biloba to prevent dementia, successfully recruited 3072 participants age 75 years and older at four U.S. sites through Mass mailings. Fitzpatrick 2006


This exploratory pilot study 22 individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) showed that no adverse events or side effects were reported and that ginkgo exerted modest beneficial effects on select functional measures (eg, fatigue) among some individuals with MS. Johnson 2006


The ingestion of 120 mg of Ginkgo biloba Extract as a single for 3 months did not produce insulin resistance in the non-diabetic or pre-diabetic subjects or exacerbate the disease in the T2DM subjects. Kudolo 2006


[Effect of ginkgo biloba extract on lipid peroxidation injury in the elderly patients with chronic corpulmonale.] [Article in Chinese] Luo 2006


The clinical efficacy of Ginkgo biloba E.S. (Flavogin) in the dementia of the Alzheimer type, was confirmed in patients aged 50-80 years and comparable with donepezil clinical efficacy. Mazza 2006


This is based on the reports that in the past, several studies suggest that Ginkgo biloba could have a potential benefit effect on cognitive function and prevention of Alzheimer disease. Vellas 2006



Update of 2001 Cochrane evidence-based review of G. biloba for vitiligo found some evidence of short term benefit with steroids, light therapies and other treatments for vitiligo, but long term benefits and harms of treating have not yet been established. Whitton 2006


Ginkgo biloba special extract EGb 761, an anti-dementia drug, enhances cognitive functioning and stabilizes mood in 107 cognitively impaired elderly subjects. Woelk 2006


Co-administration of acetylsalicylic acid and Ginkgo biloba special extract EGb 761 does not constitute a safety risk, including in an elderly patient population undergoing treatment with EGb 761. Wolf 2006


Investigation of the effects of Ginko biloba extract on T lymphocyte subsets and superoxide dismutase levels in 109 schizophrenia patients shows that it may improve the decreased peripheral immune functions in schizophrenia. Zhang 2006


It has been suggested that extract of gingko biloba might enhance the efficiency of antipsychotic in patients with schizophrenia, particularly on positive symptoms of the disorder. Atmaca 2005


A preliminary open-label study was undertaken to assess the efficacy and tolerability of ginkgo biloba during a 6-month period in Alzheimer type dementia, vascular and mix dementia. [Article in Polish] Bidzan 2005


A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of acetazolamide vs Ginkgo biloba for acute mountain sickness prophylaxis was performed and found no evidence of similar efficacy for Ginkgo biloba. Chow 2005


After acute administration ginkgo improved performance in tests of attention and memory. However, there were no effects after 6 weeks, suggesting that tolerance develops to the effects in young, healthy participants. Elsabagh 2005


A study to determine whether cognitive benefits, of Gingko biloba in post-menopausal women, would persist even after 6 weeks & those with poorer cognitive performance would benefit more revealed that beneficial effects were limited to test of mental flexibility & to those with poorer performance. Elsabagh 2005a


The rate of bleeding complications is low in patients when taking any of the widely used antidementia drugs, glutamate modulators, cholinesterase inhibitors, calcium antagonists or the phytomedicine Ginkgo biloba. Gaus 2005


Single timepoint, phenotypic metabolic ratios were used to determine whether long-term supplementation of St John's wort, garlic oil, Panax ginseng, and Ginkgo biloba affected CYP1A2, CYP2D6, CYP2E1 or CYP3A4 activity in 12 healthy elderly subjects. Gurley 2005


The effects of Ginkgo biloba special extract, EGb 761, on PFA-100 in vitro bleeding time in elderly patients with mild cognitive impairment. Halil 2005


The effect of ginkgo extract was observed on 45 patients pulmonary interstitial fibrosis showed that occurrence of pulmonary infection was less in ginkgo treated group than that in the control group Ginkgo is effective in treating pulmonary interstitial fibrosis. [Article in Chinese] He 2005


The benefit and structure of Ginkgo biloba-extract EGb 761 in treatment of patients with dementia was examined which showed that Gingko produced to a higher quality of life & the progression of disease is slowed down & treatment costs are lower. [Article in German] Heinen-Kammerer 2005


The comparitive study of the effects of Ginkgo biloba treatment with the homeopathic remedy Vertigoheel in 170 patients with atherosclerosis-related vertigo shows that Vertigoheel is an appealing alternative to established G. biloba therapy for atherosclerosis-related vertigo. Issing 2005


The effect of ginkgo & ginger, on pharmacokinetics & pharmaco-dynamics(PD&PK) of warfarin & independent effect of these herbs on clotting status was investigated in 12 healthy subjects which showed that Ginkgo & ginger at recommended doses do not affect clotting status, (PD&PK) of warfarin. Jiang 2005


Ginkgo biloba extract was effective in partially reversing the thrombogenic coagulation profile without increasing the risk of bleeding in chronic peritoneal dialysis patients. Kim 2005


Ginkgo biloba extract injection is effective in treating early diabetic nephropathy through decreasing urinary albumin excretion rate, regulating blood lipids, improving renal function and hemorheology. [Article in Chinese] Lu 2005


A 14-day oral administration of a widely used, standardized ginkgo extract at a generally advocated dosage of 240 mg/day did not significantly alter concentrations of major circulating steroids in men and women. Markowitz 2005


The reviewed RCTs, systematic reviews and meta-analyses which based their findings on the results of RCTs suggest that Ginkgo biloba is effective compared with placebo for patients with intermittent claudication. Pittler 2005


The determination of the clinical efficacy of Ginkgo biloba extract (GbE) in mild to moderate dementia of the Alzheimer type did not show efficacy of GbE. Schneider 2005


The results of a meta-analysis of four recent clinical trials evaluating the homeopathic preparation Vertigoheel (VH) compared with usual therapies (betahistine, Ginkgo biloba extract, dimenhydrinate) for vertigo in a total of 1388 patients shows good efficacy and tolerability of VH. Schneider 2005


Two systematic clinical trials, both double-blind and placebo controlled, have yielded negative results and suggest that Ginkgo biloba extracts are of little more use in the treatment of tinnitus than a placebo. Smith 2005


[Ginkgo biloba and acetazolamide for acute mountain sickness: exclusion of high risk, low status groups perpetuates discrimination and inequalities.] Adams 2004


A most recent large trial with Ginkgo biloba clearly showed that this drug does not prevent acute mountain sickness in a low-risk setting in which acetazolamide in a low dose of 2 x 125 mg was effective. Bartsch 2004


Anatomical & functional changes in visual organ in children & adolescents, age between 11 & 19 years, with long lasting diabetes mellitus (DM)type 1 & taking Egb 761 as an adjuvant was evaluated which showed that Egb 761 seems to be good adjuvant in patient with long lasting DM. [Article in Polish] Bernardczyk-Meller 2004


The effect of the Gingko biloba extract EGb 761 on skin blood flow in 27 healthy middle-aged volunteers and accompanying changes in urinary metabolites was investigated. Boelsma 2004


[Ginkgo biloba and acetazolamide for acute mountain sickness: bias in participants may underestimate effectiveness of agents.] Elphick 2004


Evaluation of the efficacy of ginkgo biloba, acetazolamide, and their combination as prophylaxis against acute mountain sickness with 614 healthy western trekkers showed that when compared with placebo, ginkgo is not effective at preventing acute mountain sickness. Gertsch 2004


It is shown that by treatment of dementia patients with Ginkgo special extract EGb 761, the progression of dependency and need of care can be slowed down, which may have an impact on costs for care, e.g. by delaying nursing home placement. [Article in German] Haan 2004


There were no significant effects of Gincosan (120mg Ginkgo biloba & 200mg Panax ginseng)treatment on ratings of mood, bodily symptoms of somatic anxiety, menopausal symptoms or sleepiness or on any of cognitive measures of attention, memory or frontal lobe function in post-menopausal women. Hartley 2004



Update of 2002 Cochrane evidence-based review of G. biloba for tinnitus found that the limited evidence did not demonstrate effectiveness for tinnitus as a primary complaint. There was no reliable evidence to determine if it is effective for tinnitus associated with cerebral insufficiency. Hilton 2004


3 months of oral administration of Ginkgo biloba (GBE 761) reduced malondialdehyde levels of erythrocytes membranes, fibrinogen levels, promoted erythrocytes deformability, & improved blood viscosity & viscoelasticity, which may facilitate perfusion in diabetic mellitus patients with retinopathy. Huang 2004


Ginkgo biloba increases exhaled nasal nitric oxide (NO) output during normoxia and enhances reduced exhaled nasal NO output during normobaric hypoxia in humans. Jowers 2004


Flavonoid antioxidants (dikvertin and ginkgo biloba) reduced the content of lipid peroxidation products, and induced the antioxidant activity in tear and blood plasma in patients with peripheral vitreochoreoretinal dystrophies and retinal detachment. [Article in Russian] Karazhaeva 2004


A clinical trial was conducted to investigate the influence of Ginkgo biloba special extract EGb 761 on hemostasiological parameters in 50 healthy, male volunteers which showed no evidence of any inhibition of blood coagulation and platelet aggregation through EGb 761. Kohler 2004


Trial data for cholinesterase inhibitors were more consistent than those for ginkgo, particularly regarding patient populations and outcome measures. Kurz 2004


[Clinical effect of acute cerebral infarction treated by ginkgo damo injection and it's influence on SOD, MDA and NO] [Article in Chinese] Liu 2004


A double-blind placebo-controlled study conducted with 19 healthy males & 20 females with a mean age of 23.6 +/- 5.4 years and mean weight of 70.0 +/- 1.9 kg showed that supplement of Ginkgo biloba was ineffective at alleviating symptoms of post-lunch dip or at enhancing taste and smell function. Mattes 2004


[Clinical observation on treatment of diabetic peripheral neuphropathy by ginkgo leaf extract combined with active vitamin B12] [Article in Chinese] Meng 2004


A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study with 85 healthy subjects shows that the combined Ginkgo biloba and Bacopa monniera extract had no cognitive enhancing effects in healthy subjects. Nathan 2004


It is indicated that use of Ginkgo biloba or Ginseng does not provide any quantifiable beneficial effects on memory performance in the long-term in healthy adult volunteers. Persson 2004


A randomized placebo controlled double blind trials of Ginkgo biloba (Gb) & meta-analysis of randomized trials with 66 adult patients with tinnitus showed that Gb does not benefit patients. Rejali 2004


A double blind randomized placebo controlled trial with 60 participants, aged 21- 60 years, showed that the combination of Gingko biloba (GB) & Codonopsis pilosula seemed to be better than GB alone in improving the cognitive function and overall health. Singh 2004


In the short-term, Ginko biloba--Troxerutin-Heptaminol Hce is effective, acceptable and safe in the treatment of 22 patients with acute hemorrhoidal attacks. Sumboonnanonda 2004


Effects of continuing treatment with Ginkgo biloba extract 120 mg/day on activities of daily living & mood in healthy older volunteers who had immediately previously participated in a survey of effects of a 4 month treatment with drugs showed improvement in mood & self-assessed performance of tasks. Trick 2004


Both modified Wuzi Yanzong Granule and Ginkgo leaf capsule can effectively improve the memorial function of patients with mild cognitive impairment. [Article in Chinese] Wang 2004


A triple-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, trial of Ginkgo biloba 240 mg daily was carried out in 24 patients with sexual impairment due to antidepressant drugs showed spectacular individual responses but no statistically significant differences. Wheatley 2004


The potential association between use of C4A treatments, in particular EGb 761 (standardized Ginkgo biloba extracts), and dementia of Alzheimer type was investigated in elderly women & results suggest that C4A treatment may reduce the risk of developing Alzheimer's dementia in elderly women. Andrieu 2003


A prospective, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study was carried out in 32 healthy volunteers to evaluate the effect of 3 doses of Ginkgo extract (120, 240 & 480 mg/day for 14 days) on hemostasis, coagulation & fibrinolysis showed no alteration of platelet function or coagulation. Bal Dit Sollier 2003


A pilot study to assess multiple crossover n = 1 trials with verum/placebo discrimination as the outcome measure as a means of identifying responders and non-responders to the acute nootropic effect of Ginkgo biloba among healthy volunteers was carried out. Canter 2003


Ginkgo biloba exocarp polysaccharides capsule preparation has some definite therapeutic effects on upper digestive tract malignant tumors of middle and late stage in 86 patients. [Article in Chinese] Chen 2003


A randomized double-blind, monocenter study with 66 healthy elderly subjects was carried out to investigate the short-term effect of special ginkgo extract EGb 761 & the results suggest a positive effect of EGb 761 on subjective emotional well-being of healthy elderly persons. [Article in German] Cieza 2003


[Ginkgo biloba works in healthy persons, too. Older people feel more mentally fit] [Article in German] Cieza 2003


The relatively short-term (i.e., 4 weeks) effects of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 on mental functioning and quality of life in healthy volunteers was evaluated which showed that self-estimated mental health as well as self-estimated quality of life were significant in favor of EGb 761. Cieza 2003


A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over trial indicated that Coenzyme Q10 and Ginkgo biloba do not influence the clinical effect of warfarin. [Article in Danish] Engelsen 2003


The benefits of Ginkgo on memory and frontal lobe function found in the double-blind, placebo-controlled study, postmenopausal women are modest but are unlikely to be secondary to major mood changes. Hartley 2003


Commonly used doses of Ginkgo biloba do not have any immediate or short-term effects on blood pressure, heart rate, or electrocardiographic variables in young, healthy volunteers. Kalus 2003


Neither piracetam nor Ginkgo biloba appears to be a promising medication for the treatment of cocaine dependence. Kampman 2003


Both ginseng and ginkgo also led to significant reductions in frontal 'eyes closed' theta and beta activity, with additional reduction for ginseng in the alpha waveband in 15 healthy volunteers. Kennedy 2003


Gingko biloba extract was a potent antioxidant for both normocholesterolemic and hypercholemic subjects, It acts by reducing thiobarbituric acid reacting substances possibly by inhibiting platelet COX-1 isoform activity. Kudolo 2003


An exploratory analysis of the influence of baseline neuropsychological profiles on the effect of Gingko biloba extract EGb 761 in Alzheimer's disease was conducted in patients with Alzheimer's Disease. Le Bars 2003


It is found that standardized extracts of Ginkgo biloba at recommended doses are unlikely to significantly alter the disposition of co-administered medications primarily dependent on the CYP2D6 or CYP3A4 pathways for elimination in normal volunteers. Markowitz 2003


Ginkgo biloba extract seems to be a simple, safe and fairly effective therapy for arresting the progression of the slow-spreading vitiligo disease. Parsad 2003


Ginkgo biloba extract administration appears to improve preexisting visual field damage in some patients with normal tension glaucoma. Quaranta 2003


A double-blind study with placebo and Ginkgo biloba in 48 men aged 60 -70 showed a reduction in blood viscosity, improved cerebral perfusion in specific areas and improved global cognitive functioning. Santos 2003


It has been found that a single dose of 180 g of Ginkgo biloba does not affect soleus motoneuron pool excitability in 20 healthy volunteers. Stone 2003


Agents including the antioxidants vitamin E, selegiline, and Ginkgo biloba extracts have shown some benefit in clinical trials for treatment of Alzheimer disease. Tariot 2003


A 24-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, multicenter trial in elderly patients with dementia do not support the view that Ginkgo is beneficial for patients with dementia or age-associated memory impairment. van Dongen 2003


The effect of Ginkgo biloba exocarp polysaccharides on human gastric cancer was studied in 30 patients and its therapeutic mechanism may relates to its effects on the expression of c-myc, bcl-2 and c-fos genes, which can inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis and differentiation of tumor cells. Xu 2003


The efficacy of Tianlong Xifeng granule in the treatment of ceroarterosclerosis with Gan-yang-hua-feng Zheng was investigated in 122 patients & 60 patients in the control group were treated with Ginkgo Biloba capsule. [Article in Chinese] Yi 2003


[Use of tanakan in disturbances of memory and attention in the elderly].[Article in Russian] Zakharov 2003


Clinical trials in healthy subjects shows no marked or consistent positive effects of Ginkgo biloba on any particular objective measure of cognitive function. A positive subjective effect was reported only in the longest trial. Canter 2002


The bioavailability of the main active ingredient in Ginkgo biloba extract, ginkgolid B, was higher in volunteers treated with 40mg twice daily as compared to the single 80mg dose. Drago 2002


Pretreatment with Ginkgo biloba extract, one day prior to rapid ascent, appeared to reduce the severity of acute mountain sickness. Gertsch 2002


A randomized placebo-controlled, double-blind study did not replicate a prior positive finding supporting the use of Ginkgo biloba for antidepressant, especially SSRI, induced sexual dysfunction. Kang 2002


The relative bioavailability of ginkgolide A, ginkgolide B and bilobalide was investigated after single oral administration of 120 mg Ginkgo biloba extract as tablets or capsules in humans. Kressmann 2002


The effect of ingesting Ginkgo biloba extract on platelet aggregation in platelet-rich plasma and prostanoid urinary excretion in healthy volunteers and subjects with Type 2 diabetes mellitus was compared. Kudolo 2002


[Ginkgo is not a smart pill.] Lazar 2002


The improvement seen in Alzheimer patients treated with Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 was found to be dependent on the severity of the dementia. Le Bars 2002


Under clinical conditions, bilobil increases the cerebral blood flow, normalizes the metal ligand homeostasis, and improves the antioxidant status in children with early forms of cerebrovascular disease (neurocirculate distonia) and attention deficit hyperactivity syndrome. [Article in Russian] Limanova 2002


[The acute effects of combined administration of Ginkgo biloba and Bacopa monniera on cognitive function in humans.] Maher 2002


A clinically oriented overview of the efficacy and safety of Ginkgo biloba, St. John's wort, ginseng, Echinacea, saw palmetto and kava based on American experiences was given. [Article in Swedish] Mattsson 2002


Oral treatment with a Ginkgo biloba extract (Gibidyl Forte(R)) is able to dilate forearm blood vessels causing increments in regional blood flow without changing blood pressure levels in healthy subjects. Mehlsen 2002


A large-scaled clinical trial was conducted with 262 community-dwelling volunteers (both male and female) 60 years of age and older, to study the efficacy of Ginkgo biloba extract on the neuropsychological functioning of cognitively intact older adults. Mix 2002


Ginkgo biloba phytosome may be effective in reducing the number of Raynaud's attacks per week in patients suffering from Raynaud's disease. Muir 2002


The acute effects of Ginkgo biloba (GB 120 mg) on memory functioning was examined in healthy older volunteers using cognitive drug research battery of memory tests & Rey auditory verbal learning task & findings suggest that 120 mg of GB has no acute nootropic effects in healthy older individuals. Nathan2002


Patients with vestibular lesion symptoms, treated with Ginkgo biloba extract, gained full vestibular compensation sooner than untreated patients. [Article in Polish] Orendorz-Fraczkowska 2002


The acute effects of single doses of Ginkgo biloba (GK501), Ginseng (G115) and their combination (Ginkoba M/E, Pharmaton SA) on the performance of healthy young adults (mean age 21 years) during serial arithmetic tasks with differing cognitive load was examined. Scholey 2002


Ginkgo biloba extract, an over-the-counter agent marketed as enhancing memory, did not improve any cognitive function in volunteers 60 years or older when treated with a dose of 40mg three times daily. Solomon 2002


Folium Ginkgo extract could suppress the free radical production, -scavenge free radicals, antagonize the lipid peroxidation injury of cell membrane and up-regulate erythrocyte immunity in 30 asphyxia neonates. [Article in Chinese] Wang 2002


Large trial found 50 mg Ginkgo biloba extract LI 1370 given 3 times daily for 12 weeks is no more effective than placebo in treating tinnitus. Drew 2001


Patients treated with antidepressants and Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE Li 1370) showed improvement on cognitive performance and sleep regulation than those not on Ginkgo biloba extract. Hemmeter 2001


Trial of healthy volunteers found dose-dependent improvement in performance on the "quality of memory" factor, targeted at the secondary memory rather than the working memory component. There was a dose dependent decrease in "speed of attention". Kennedy 2001


Increase in hepatic metabolic clearance rate of insulin and hypoglycemic agents found in 3-month study of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761)of individuals with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Kudolo 2001


Study of 36 ADHD children treated with Panax quinquefolium and Ginkgo biloba extract found symptoms improved. Lyon 2001


Study of 30 healthy males found Ginkgo biloba extract to be safe but largely ineffective in enhancing memory. Moulton 2001


Trial with healthy volunteers found no differences in sleep paramaters (including REM)where Ginkgo biloba extract Li1370 was administered. Sleep efficiency and subjective sleep quality improved and showed Li1370 was well tolerated. Murray 2001


Trial of Alzheimer patients found significant improvements in speed of information processing working memory and executive processing attributable to EGb. Stough 2001


Trial of schizophrenic patients found Ginkgo biloba treatment may enhance the effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs and reduce their extrapyramidal side effects. Zhang 2001


The impact of 4 months supplementation with 120 mg/day of Ginkgo biloba special extract (LI 1370) on activities of daily living & various aspects of mood & sleep in a population of older volunteers revealed that GBE supplementation has beneficial effects on quality of life in an older population. Cockle 2000


Ginkgo biloba administration did not significantly change brain MAO A or B suggesting that mechanisms other than MAO inhibition may be mediating some of its CNS effects. Fowler 2000


Study on the efficacy of Ginkgo biloba therapy in 72 patients (44 male and 28 female) with chronic cochleovestibular disorders shows it has a very good effect on both postural and oculovestibular reflexes. Also, hearing was improved, and patients' comfort was heightened by the therapy. Hahn 2000


Acute administration of Ginkgo biloba to healthy young volunteers significantly improved "speed of attention". Effects were dose dependent. Kennedy 2000


Lowered blood pressure and increased fasting plasma insulin and C-peptide found in 3-month study of ingestion of Ginkgo biloba extract on pancreatic beta-cell function in response to glucose loading in normal glucose tolerant individuals. Kudolo 2000


Study of mildly to severely impaired Alzheimer's patients found improvements in group taking Ginkgo biloba extract. Le Bars 2000


Short-term utilization of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 found to enhance neurocognitive functions/processes of cognitively intact older adults. Mix 2000


Systematic review of 8 RCTS suggests Ginkgo biloba extract is moderately superior to placebo in the symptomatic treatment of intermittent claudication. Pittler 2000


Combination of Muira puama and Ginkgo biloba found effective in the treatment of sexual dysfunction in healthy women with low sex drive, based on self-reporting. Waynberg 2000


Trial of 256 healthy middle-aged volunteers found Ginkgo/ginseng combination significantly improved working and long-term memory. Wesnes 2000


Ginkgo extract EGb 761 found as effective as second-generation cholinesterase inhibitors (donepezil, rivastigmine, metrifonate) in the treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer's dementia. Wettstein 2000


Ginkgo biloba extract significantly improved symptoms of glaucoma in particular ocular blood flow velocity. Chung 1999


Patients taking Ginkgo experienced reduced symptoms of mental decline. A more objective system of assessment is needed to provide firm proof. Curtis-Prior 1999


Cochrane evidence-based review of Ginkgo biloba for age-related macular degeneration found that the question as to whether people with AMD should take Ginkgo Biloba extract to prevent progression of the disease has not been answered by research to date. Evans 1999


Ginkgo biloba did not prevent the development of the symptoms of winter depression. Lingaerde 1999


Indeterminate results from a tinnitus treatment program that included Gingko biloba. Oliveira 1999


Acute doses of standardized Ginkgo biloba extract enhanced memory, particularly working memory in asymptomatic volunteers. Rigney 1999


Improvement in pain-free walking distance in patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease were found using two different dosage levels of ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761. Schweizer 1999


Ginkgo biloba extract EGb may enhance treatment with antipsychotic haloperidol on schizophrenia, especially positive symptoms. Mechanism may be an antioxidant effect. Zhou 1999


Ginkgo biloba extract with carboxymethyl-beta-1,3-glucan applied to skin for 2 weeks reduced dermatitis from various allergens for 22 women in double blind study Castelli 1998


Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761) in the treatment of equilibrium disorders can considerably improve oculomotor and visuovestibular function. Cesarani 1998


Ginkgo leaf extract, avg 209 mg/day, offset sexual dysfunction caused by serotonin reuptake inhibitors, 91% for 33 women and 76% for 30 men Cohen 1998


Alzheimer's therapy study ought to include ginkgo, antioxidants, hormones, etc.; a review Doraiswamy 1998


Literature review indicates ginkgo biloba provides statistically significant but clinically modest improvement in cognitive function for early dementia Flint 1998


Ginkgo biloba special extract EGb 761--an anti-dementia drug [Article in German] Horr 1998


Patients with circulatory encephalopathy improved when they received different forms of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) in combined treatment. Ivaniv 1998


Patients with peripheral arterial occlusive diseases experience improvement when treated with Ginkgo biloba extract GbE. Li 1998


Systematic review of reported trials of Ginkgo biloba on cognitive function in Alzheimer disease show positive effects but more research needed on dosage. Oken 1998


111 patients with peripheral occlusive arterial disease and claudication given 3 pills/day of EGb 761 for 24 wk had walking distance increase to 153m vs 127 for placebo Peters 1998


Preliminary lab and clinical data support use of herbals such as ginseng, ginkgo biloba and garlic, and nutritional supplements to slow aging Rattan 1998


Analysis (by GC/MS) and characterization of quercetin and kaempferol in urine following ingestion of Ginkgo biloba tablets Watson 1998


Review indicates good evidence for the efficacy of St John's wort for depression and for ginkgo in the treatment of memory impairment caused by dementia Wong 1998


After six-weeks treatment, increase in ECG first degree AV-blocks and abnormalities of repolarization for imipramine but a significant reduction for hypericum in double blind study with 209 depression patients Czekalla 1997


Modest improvements in cognitive tests by 202 mild to severely demented patients taking EGb 761 for a year Le Bars 1997


240 mg/day of Ginkgo extract EGb 761 (Tebonin forte) to 20 Alzheimer's patients improved SKT score by 3 points while placebo group deteriorated by 0.8. Maurer 1997


320 mg/day EGb 761 (n = 8) compared to placebo (n = 7) for 5 days before cardiopulmonary bypass reduced thiobarbituric acid-reactive species, decrease of DMSO/ascorbyl radicals, myoglobin leakage and ventricular myosin leakage. Final outcome comparable Pietri 1997


Urine collected for 3 days after Ginkgo biloba leaves taken contains metabolites that account for less than 30% of the flavonoids ingested Pietta 1997


64 healthy adults given Ginkgo biloba/ginseng combination at 80, 160, or 320 mg bid for 90 days had improved heart rate and cognition Wesnes 1997


24 week, randomized, placebo-controlled double-blind study with parallel-group comparison of 60 patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease using EGb 761 at 120 mg/d found longer walking distances in the treatment group [Article in German] Blume 1996


18 claudication patients randomized in a double blind cross-over study with GB-8 at 120 mg/day for 3 months showed improved concentration and memory but unchanged walking distance, peripheral blood pressure, and leg pain [Article in Danish] Drabaek 1996


Review of 10 clinical trials with Ginkgo for claudication found all lacking in methodological quality so further study is necessary [Article in German] Ernst 1996


Placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind trial with 40 moderate dementia patients found that Ginkgo EGb 4 days per week for 4 weeks improved condition (p <0.05)[Article in German] Haase 1996


216 Alzheimer's and multi-infarct dementia patients in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 240 mg EGb 761 for 24 weeks found benefit with the 156 patients who completed the study Kanowski 1996


New Clinical Drug Eval. Unit (NCDEU) review of natural psychotropics, highlighting Hypericum, Valerian, Ginkgo and Ginseng Cott 1995


55 ischaemic stroke patients in placebo controlled trial found no benefit for Ginkgo extract at 160 mg/day although 40 trials by others have shown usefulness for chronic cerebral ischaemia Garg 1995


Meta analysis of 11 placebo controlled randomized double blind trials in patients with cerebrovascular insufficiency indicates Ginkgo benefit [Article in German] Hopfenmuller 1994


900 mg of hypericum per day for 4 weeks benefited seasonal affective disorder (SAD) Martinez 1994


43 patients with high cholersterol (230-390) had modest lowering by garlic-ginkgo combination compared with placebo Kenzelmann 1993


72 outpatients with cerebral insufficiency in a double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled study for 24 weeks with EGb 761 found improved short-term memory [Article in German] Grassel 1992


Meta-analysis of 5 placebo controlled trials with EGb 761 for patients with peripheral arterial disease found improved walking distances [Article in German] Schneider 1992


31 memory impaired patients in a 6-month double-blind, placebo controlled trial with 120 mg/d Ginkgo extract (tanakan) showed benefit for cognitive function Rai 1991


60 inpatients with cerebral insufficiency in a double-blind study for 6 weeks with 160 mg/d Ginkgo extract had small progressive improvements after 4 weeks [Article in German] Eckmann 1990


For 70 patients with vertiginous syndrome of undetermined origin, in a 3-month double blind trial, 47% of the treatment group had symptoms eliminated vs. 18% of the placebo group [Article in French] Haguenauer 1986


103 tinnitus patients in a 13 month trial found benefit with Ginkgo vs. placebo [Article in French] Meyer 1986


166 patients with cerebral disorders due to ageing in a double-blind, placebo controlled trial had benefit after 3 or more months [Article in French] Taillandier 1986


A 6-month double-blind randomised clinical trial with 79 patients with peripheral arteriopathy showed benefit for Ginkgo extract (rokan) Bauer 1984

Observational Studies/Case Reports 


Apart from agents like Pentoxifyline, Nimodipine which are useful in Vascular dementia some other agents like ginkgo biloba, acetylocholinesterase inhibitors, are also have shown mild benefit or at least were associated with some stabilization of dementia. [Article in Polish] Bidzan 2006


Perfusion with Ginkgo biloba leaf extract during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) could significantly decrease the release of myocardial injury markers and improve post-CPB cardiac function recovery, exerting favorable myocardium-protective effects. [Article in Chinese] Deng 2006


Ginkgo biloba leaf extract could improve cerebral oxygen supply, promote superoxide dismutase activity to inhibit production of free radicals in patients undergoing hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass, and thus shows an evident protective effect in the brain. [Article in Chinese] Deng 2006


[Ginkgo biloba, may significantly reduce gastrointestinal pain: it may also reduce the risk of stomach cancer that is associated with the wide-spread use of proton pump inhibitors.] Eli 2006


Among all 68,403 nursing home residents with an herb order, ginkgo was prescribed for 61.9% of residents with an Epi/Sz diagnosis and 58.0% (p = 0.820) of residents without an Epi/Sz diagnosis. Harms 2006


A case of persistent postoperative bleeding following total hip arthroplasty was described and the patient was taking ginkgo biloba extract, an unlicensed herbal medicine taken to improve mental alertness. Bebbington 2005


15 published case reports described a temporal association between using ginkgo and a bleeding event. Most cases involved serious medical conditions, including 8 episodes of intracranial bleeding. Bent 2005


[Bilateral haematoma after rhytidoplasty and blepharoplasty following chronic use of Ginkgo biloba.] Destro 2005


The case of a 55-year-old male who self-medicated with Ginkgo biloba & suffered a fatal breakthrough seizure, with no evidence of non-compliance with his anticonvulsant medications was presented. Kupiec 2005


Although several recent studies found that both Sophora Japonica and Ginkgo biloba have the same components of quercetin and rutin, only Ginkgo biloba has been widely used to treat cerebrovascular disorders and dementia in humans. Lao 2005


[Clinical observation on treatment of senile insomnia with application therapy on Shenque acupoint with gingkgo leaf preparation: a report of 25 cases] [Article in Chinese] Li 2005


[Vitreous haemorrhage associated with Gingko biloba use in a patient with age related macular disease.] MacVie 2005


[Ginkgo biloba in Down Syndrome.] Donfrancesco 2004


The review gives an overview and evaluation of clinical studies proving the efficacy of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 in patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease. Horsch 2004


Ginkgo biloba, available as an over-the-counter extract, provides symptom relief of intermittent claudication which is comparable to pentoxifylline. Jacoby 2004


Review on current antidementive therapy indicates that Ginkgo biloba or piracetam are alternatives for patients with mild-to-moderate dementia, in whom acetylcholinesterase inhibitors cannot be used. [Article in German] Perneczky 2004


[Anti-dementia agent helps mentally fit seniors, too. Compensated and errorless with Gingko] [Article in German] [No authors listed] 2003


[Ginkgo and memory.] Arnold 2003


[Scientific reporting of unscientific data--a case of Ginkgo biloba being miscredited.] Bruhn 2003


[Gingko: smart pill or not?] Caspi 2003


[Ginkgo and memory.] Cheuvront 2003


[Ginkgo ineffective for tinnitus.] DeBisschop 2003


[Ginkgo and memory.] Doraiswamy 2003


[Are there any studies showing whether ginkgo biloba is effective for tinnitus (ringing in the ears)?] Feinberg 2003


A case is reported of a woman who developed retrobulbar haemorrhage and was subsequently found to have been taking Gingko biloba extract tablets which may have predisposed her to developing the haemorrhage. Fong 2003


It is indicated that Gingko biloba extract is of particular interest to patients with dementia and with behavioural and psychological symptoms (BPSD) since it improves both the patient's cognitive ability and behavioural and psychological symptoms. Hoerr 2003


In healthy adults as well as in individuals categorized as having mild cognitive impairment, Ginkgo biloba EGb 761 improved cognition in some but not all neuropsychological tests. Ihl 2003


Among the limited therapeutic options for dementia of Alzheimer's type, treatment with Ginkgo biloba extract appears to be the method of choice compared to the cholinesterase inhibitors. Schulz 2003


[Ginkgo and memory.] Wheatley 2003


[Use of Tanakan (EGb 761) in ophthalmology] [Article in Slovak] Cernak 2002


A case of frequent ventricular arrhythmias probably due to Ginkgo biloba is presented. The patient complained of palpitations twice in a month and on both occasions symptoms and electrocardiographic evidence of ventricular arrhythmias resolved with discontinuation of Ginkgo biloba. Cianfrocca 2002


This reports a liver transplant recipient with potentially life-threatening toxicity resulting from Gingko biloba use. The patient had been consuming Gingko biloba throughout the postoperative period. No further bleeding episodes occurred after the cessation of use. Hauser 2002


This is the first English-language case report measuring 4-metoxypyridoxine concentration during ginkgo seed poisoning: a 2-year-old girl presented with vomiting and diarrhea 7 hours after eating a large quantity of ginkgo seeds. Kajiyama 2002


Standardized leaf extracts of Ginkgo biloba reduce the symptoms of age-associated memory impairment and dementia, including Alzheimer's disease, and may be of benefit in treating intermittent claudication & useful in preventing and treating cardiovascular disease. Mahady 2002


The first case of a patient in whom Ginkgo biloba extract proved to be the unique cause of spontaneous hyphema was reported.[Article in French] Schneider 2002


The case of a female patient with a history of mild traumatic brain injury and resulting depression is presented. She experienced hypomania after adding St John's wort and Ginkgo biloba to her regimen of fluoxetine and buspirone, which remitted after discontinuation of the herbal medicines. Spinella 2002


This study discusses a 56 year old man who suffered an intracerebral haemorrhage after regularly taking Ginkgo biloba leaf extract. Benjamin 2001


A case of post-laparoscopic cholecystectomy bleeding in a patient taking Gingko biloba is reported. This preparation has been reported to cause spontaneous bleeding and may interact with anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents. Fessenden 2001


Two patients with well-controlled epilepsy presented with recurrent seizures within 2 weeks of commencing extract of Ginkgo biloba. The herbal remedy was discontinued and both patients are seizure-free several months later. Granger 2001


Ginkgo biloba for dementia anon 1998


Future of the therapy of dementia--current data on Ginkgo-Special Extract EGB 761 [Article in German] anon 1998


Fluoxetine-induced genital anesthesia relieved by Ginkgo biloba extract Ellison 1998


Garlic, ginseng, and Ginkgo biloba were the herbs most frequently used by customers shopping at two health food stores Eliason 1997


For 42 diabetic patients followed for 3 yr: Ginkgo and aspirin improved platelet reactivity but not erythrocyte aggregation Husstedt 1997


Ginkgo extract (tanakan) helped some early stage circulatory encephalopathy patients but not those with advanced disease [Article in Ukrainian] Kupnovyts'ka 1997


The effect of tanakan on central nervous system function in patients with the residual manifestations of stroke [Article in Russian] Kuznetsova 1997


Ginkgo benefited 71% of 32 patients treated for varicose veins [Article in Romanian] Palade 1997


Hyphema (bleeding into the anterior chamber of the eye) associated with ingestion of Ginkgo biloba extract Rosenblatt 1997


The clinical efficacy of tanakan in patients with stage-I atherosclerotic circulatory encephalopathy [Article in Russian] Rudenko 1997


Survey of 159 doctors in Goettingen about treatment for Alzheimer's indicates drugs of choice are piracetam 31%, Ginkgo 28%, nimodipine 26%, aspirin 17% Stoppe 1996


76 lymphedema patients given Coumarin 60 mg/daily + Gingko Biloba 40 mg/daily + Melilotus 40 mg/daily for 6-8 months had improvement with pain, edema and infections [Article in Italian] Vettorello 1996


Unilateral vestibular deafferentation (UVD), which causes ocular motor and postural disorders, apears to benefit from Ginkgo Smith 1994


160 mg/day of EGb 761 improved retinal sensitivity for elderly ischemic patients while 80 mg/d failed [Article in German] Raabe 1991


Psychomotor and memory test sessions 1 hour before and after a single 600 mg dose of Ginkgo extract in 12 healthy women showed no significant differences [Article in French] Warot 1991

Traditional and Folk Use 


In recent years some natural substances and standardized plant extracts (Ginkgo biloba L., Centella asiatica L.) Urban, Bacopa monniera L., Evolvulus alsinoides L.) are often used in Alzheimer's disease and other types of dementia. [Article in Czech] Cervenka 2006


Assessment of the evidence surrounding the use of certain complementary supplements in otolaryngology shows that there is overwhelming evidence that Ginkgo biloba may play no role in tinnitus. Karkos 2006


The most important medicinal plants, including Ginkgo biloba, St John's wort, Kava-kava, Valerian, Bacopa monniera and Convolvulus pluricaulis, are reviewed which are widely used for their reputed effectiveness in CNS disorders. Kumar 2006


Emerging role of polyphenolic compounds from green tea, the Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761, blueberries extracts, wine components and curcumin in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases are reviewed. Ramassamy 2006


Among 620 mildly cognitively impaired patients and their caregivers, a total of 51.8% of subjects were current natural health product users, with vitamin E, ginkgo biloba, and glucosamine being the most commonly used products. Sharma 2006


Review on herbal medicine shows that enough data are available on three herbs (ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba), St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) and saw palmetto (Serenoa repens)) for meta-analyses to have been undertaken. Walker 2006


Traditional Chinese medicine such as Salvia miltiorrhiza, Acanthopanax senticosus, Ginkgo biloba, Pueraria lobata, Liguisticum chuanxiong, cow bezoar, etc., have been proven beneficial in CVS prevention & treatment, while S. miltiorrhiza & TCM soup have unique effects on bleeding absorption. Wang 2006


15 herbs including Camellia sinensis (green tea), Ginkgo biloba, quercetin, & ginger are are traditionally used for anticancer treatment and are antiangiogenic through multiple interdependent processes that include effects on gene expression, signal processing, and enzyme activities. Yance 2006


Among 10,572 respondents with cardiovascular disease, 36% had used complementary and alternative medicine and the most commonly used therapies were herbal products (18%) which includes echinacea, garlic, ginseng and ginkgo biloba. Yeh 2006


The agents that show promise in helping prevent Alzheimer's disease include: 1) aged garlic extract, 2) curcumin, 3) melatonin, 4) resveratrol, 5) Ginkgo biloba extract, 6) green tea, 7) vitamin C and 8) vitamin E. Frank 2005


The available data on the pathophysiologic background of Alzheimer's disease was reviewed and thus the most commonly used therapeutic agents, specifically rivastigmine, Ginkgo biloba, piracetam and selegiline. [Article in Polish] Gabryelewicz 2005


Plant extracts including ginkgo biloba, echinacea, ginseng, grape seed, green tea, lemon, etc. have been widely used as topical applications for wound-healing, anti-aging, and disease treatments. Hsu 2005


Review on recent trends in use of herbal and other natural products shows that use of Ginkgo biloba and Panax ginseng declined during the study, while lutein use increased dramatically, because of its addition to multivitamin products. Kelly 2005


Flavonoids, in the new formulation of micronised purified flavonoid fraction (MPFF) or as part of the ancient traditional medicine derivative of the Ginkgo tree, are used for relief of acute symptoms (for control of bleeding and re-bleeding in all grades of haemorrhoids). Misra 2005


Its multiple beneficial actions, including increased ocular blood flow, antioxidant activity, platelet activating factor inhibitory activity, nitric oxide inhibition & neuroprotective activity, combinedly suggest that Ginkgo biloba extract could have major therapeutic value in glaucoma treatment. Ritch 2005


Review on increasing trends in elderly persons' use of nonvitamin, nonmineral dietary supplements and concurrent use of medications shows that by 1999, glucosamine emerged as the most frequently used nonvitamin, nonmineral supplement followed by ginkgo biloba, chondroitin, and garlic. Wold 2005


The studies on the preventing effects of natural antioxidants, such as vitamins E and C, flavonoids, and polyphenols on neurodegenerative diseases, especially summarizing the results on the protective effect of ginkgo biloba extract on neuron cells were reviewed. Zhao 2005


[Also true for healthy persons! Longer mental fitness with ginkgo] [Article in German] [No authors listed] 2004


Study on prevalence & predictors of herbal medicine use in surgical patient shows that among 2,186 patients 57% of respondents used herbal medicine at some point in their life, 38% in the past 2 years (eg, echinacea [48%], aloe vera [30%], ginseng [28%], garlic [27%], & ginkgo biloba [22%]). Adusumilli 2004


Herbs with a high concentration of flavonoids which have been proposed to be effective cytoprotectors such as Achyrocline satureioides, Ginkgo biloba and Epilobium parviflorum are of special interest. Arredondo 2004


Antioxidants for inclusion as ideal ocular nutritional supplements, suitable for those with a family history of glaucoma, cataract, or age-related macular disease, were vitamins A, B, C and E, carotenoids beta-carotene, lutein, and zeaxanthin, minerals selenium and zinc, & Ginkgo biloba. Bartlett 2004


The Gingko biloba extract EGb 761 has been the subject of many studies which confirm its usefulness for the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative pathologies. Christen 2004


A range of many pharmacological treatments have been tested, including selegiline, piracetam, vitamin E, Ginkgo biloba, anti-inflammatory drugs & hormone replacement therapy, but, so far, Cochrane reviews have not established efficacy of these interventions for Alzheimer's. Evans 2004


Soy, St. John's Wort, Silybum marianum, Ginkgo biloba, Citrus species, Vaccinum mirtillus, Hawthorn and tea are medicinal plants containing flavonoids whose efficacy in the treatment of a variety of diseases has been demonstrated in numerous clinical studies. [Article in Italian] Firenzuoli 2004


A review about the older people with Alzheimer's dementia or vascular dementia or age-associated memory impairment treated with Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb), reveals that EGb has reproducible effects on cognitive functions in Alzheimer's disease. Gertz 2004


Review on chinese herbs as immunomodulators and potential disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs in autoimmune disorders shows that Ginkgo biloba is another potential Chinese herb for this consideration. Ho 2004


Arginine, yohimbine, Panax ginseng, Maca, and Ginkgo biloba all have some degree of evidence that they may be helpful for erectile dysfunction. McKay 2004


A survey conducted on dietary supplement use in 458 veteran outpatients currently taking prescription medications shows that most common products included are vitamins and minerals, garlic, Ginkgo biloba, saw palmetto, and ginseng. Peng 2004


One of the most popular herbal supplements Ginkgo biloba extract, is taken for its perceived "memory enhancing" properties. Smith 2004


The most common of the relevant medicines to cure various symptoms of senescence are nootropic piracetam, gamma-aminobutyric acid, selegiline, Ginkgo biloba, pentoxifylline, cerebrolysin, solcoseryl, ergoloid, vinpocetin, sertraline, and estrogens, among others. Ukraintseva 2004


A phase II study of EGb 761 in combination with fluorouracil is in progress in Germany in patients with pancreatic cancer & German researchers are investigating the potential of EGb 761 for the treatment of sudden deafness and tinnitus in clinical studies. [No authors listed] 2003


Herbal medicines were given most frequently for a behavioral condition, with ginkgo biloba, echinacea, and St. John's wort most prevalent. Almost 83% of caregivers gave herbal medicines alone, whereas 13% gave herbal medicines with prescription drugs. Cala 2003


[Gin(kgo) and tonic--with a twist!] Cooper 2003


Primary care patients experiencing common menopausal symptoms are likely to use herbal products (phytoestrogens, St. John's wort, Ginkgo biloba, and ginseng) that are purported to provide menopause symptom relief, and many believe that these products improve their menopausal symptoms. Dailey 2003


[A brief history of EGb 761 and its therapeutic uses.] DeFeudis 2003


Among hundreds of foods, nutrients, herbs, and botanicals that have "bioactive" constituents with potential human health benefits, soy, garlic, and ginkgo biloba play potential role in cardiovascular disease prevention and treatment. Gardner 2003


[The lowdown on Ginkgo biloba.] Gold 2003


Gingko biloba extract is prescribed for a range of neurological and vascular disorders including dementia, arterial occlusive disease, retinal deficit, and tinnitus. Le Bars 2003


[Ginkgo and memory.] Nathan 2003


A study was undertaken to investigate registered nurses' knowledge about and use of five common herbal products including ginkgo, St. John's wort, ginseng, & garlic. Sand-Jecklin 2003


Ginkgo biloba is commonly used in the treatment of early-stage Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, peripheral claudication, and tinnitus of vascular origin. Sierpina 2003


Review on herbs commonly used by women indicates that Gingko biloba seems to slow the progression of dementia but increases the risk of bleeding. Tesch 2003


[Ginkgo on your mind? It may ease dementia, but nothing's definite.] Carmichael 2002


Review on importance of biologically active components and plants in the prevention of complications of diabetes mellitus shows that the mostly used plants includes Ginkgo biloba, Allium sativum, Silybum marianum, Panax Ginseng, Carica papaya, etc.,. [Article in Lithuanian] Savickiene 2002


Long before the current biologically-based hypothesis of cholinergic derangement in Alzheimer' s disease emerged, plants now known to contain cholinergic antagonists were recorded for their amnesia- and dementia-inducing properties. Perry 1999


[Herbal remedies. Ginkgo biloba may slow dementia.] [No authors listed] 1997


Platelet activating factor antagonists in Ginkgo helps explain the pharmacological basis of several traditional medicines Braquet 1991

        

Search for Ginkgo in Dr. Duke's Phytochem and Ethnobot DB

SAFETY DATA



Adverse Effects & Toxicity 


Low-level evidence based on expert opinion shows that ginkgo leaf may be an emmenagogue and have hormonal properties. Dugoua 2006


Acute generalised exanthematous pustulosis induced by the herbal remedy Ginkgo biloba, was reported for the first time. Pennisi 2006


[Ginko biloba and cerebral hemorrhage] [Article in Spanish] Castellote Varona 2005


Twenty seizures were judged as probably related, 13 possibly related, and 10 as unrelated to dietary supplements (DS) use. Creatine, St. John's wort, and ginkgo biloba were other DS implicated in possibly related seizure events. Haller 2005


During recent years, several cases of hemorrhage have been reported to occur in coincidence with the use of Ginkgo products. Koch 2005


[Ginkgo seed food poisoning] [Article in Japanese] Wada 2005


[Bleeding complication under Gingko biloba medication.] Yagmur 2005


The case of a 75-year-old male who suffered from Stevens-Johnson syndrome which evolved into toxic epidermal necrolysis, probably because of the ingestion of ginkgo biloba extract was described. [Article in Spanish] Yuste 2005


Canthaxanthine, chamomile, Datura, Echinacea purpurea, Ginkgo biloba, licorice, niacin, and vitamin A are all associated with clinically significant ocular side effects. Fraunfelder 2004


[Adverse interactions between low-dose aspirin/warfarin and garlic/ginseng/Ginkgo biloba.] Rai 2004


The potential risks of commonly used herbal medications in dental patients such as Ginkgo Biloba, St. John's Wort, Ginseng, Echinacea, Saw Palmetto, Garlic, Kava and Ephedra was reviewed. [Article in Hebrew] Zlotogorski Hurvitz 2004


The relative risks for an adverse reaction in persons using ephedra compared with other herbs were extremely high, ranging from 100 (95% CI, 83 to 140) for kava to 720 (CI, 520 to 1100) for Ginkgo biloba. Bent 2003


It is suggested that Levodopa had neurotoxic effect and Ginkgo biloba Extract (EGb) may decrease the toxicity of levodopa. The combined use of EGb with Levodopa may be a workable method to treat PD and may be better than using Levodopa alone. Cao 2003


[Fatal intracerebral mass bleeding associated with Ginkgo biloba and ibuprofen.] Meisel 2003


[Toxic seizures in children: case scenarios and treatment strategies.] Shannon 2003


Ginkgo extract EGb 761, (< 5 ppm gingkolic acids ,GA), was incubated and neutral red uptake was half-maximally inhibited at concentrations of 900 mg/l (HaCaT) and 1480 mg/ml (LLC-MK(2)). The corresponding IC(50)-values for the mixture of GA ranged between 22 mg/l (HaCaT) and 4.6 mg/l (LLC-MK(2)). Hecker 2002


[Spontaneous cerebellar haemorrhage associated with Ginkgo biloba ingestion]. [Article in Spanish] Purroy Garcia 2002


Review on herbs commonly used by women indicates that Gingko biloba seems to slow the progression of dementia but increases the risk of bleeding. Tesch 2002


During production of the standardized Ginkgo extract EGb 761, alkylphenols are largely eliminated as water insoluble compounds (decanter sludge). A sludge fraction enriched for ginkgolic acids and biflavones was found to induce death of 50% of the chick embryos at 1.8 mg/egg in a hen's egg test. Baron-Ruppert 2001


No evidence for the presence of type I allergens in Ginkgo biloba extracts was found. The authors recommend serological and/or skin testing to exclude sensitisation to components of Ginkgo biloba extracts. Mossabeb 2001


[A Ginkgo biloba-Associated Paranoid Reaction.] Berigan 2000


Side effects seen in 33 women and 30 men treated with serotonin reuptake inhibitors plus Ginkgo include gastrointestinal disturbances, headache, and general central nervous system activation Cohen 1998


Ginkgo fruits can cause allergic contact dermatitis but leaf extract, containing 1000 ppm ginkgolic acids, does not Hausen 1998


Bleeding time was prolonged by 150% and ADP-induced platelet aggregation was decreased by a small dose of ticlopidine (50 mg/kg/day) combined with EGb 761 (40 mg/kg/day) or a larger dose of only ticlopidine (200 mg/kg/day) Kim 1998


Extracts of Ginkgo biloba and bleeding or haemorrhage. Skogh 1998


Subarachnoid haemorrhage associated with Ginkgo biloba. Vale 1998


Ginkgo biloba extract is possibly effective for cerebrovascular insufficiency and dementia but herbs generally need more rigorous study about adverse interactions Zink 1998


Ginkgolic acid and related alkylphenols: review of the literature on chemical and biological aspects with special reference to their allergic and other undesired properties and removal for medicinal extracts Jaggy 1997


Spontaneous bilateral subdural hematomas associated with chronic Ginkgo biloba ingestion. Rowin 1996


Overdose with Ginkgo preparations? [Article in German] Oberpichler-Schwenk 1995

Interactions 


Coadministration of Ginko biloba either with cilostazol or clopidogrel in 10 healthy male volunteers did not enhance antiplatelet activity compared with individual agents. Aruna 2006


The effect of Ginkgo biloba on the activity of CYP2C9, the isoform responsible for S-warfarin clearance, was assessed in 11 healthy volunteers who received single 100-mg doses of flurbiprofen, a probe substrate for CYP2C9 which showed no effect of ginkgo on the kinetics or dynamics of warfarin. Greenblatt 2006


The investigation of herb-drug interactions with warfarin in healthy subjects by using a population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling approach reveals that Ginkgo and ginger did not affect the pharmacokinetics of warfarin in healthy subjects. Jiang 2006


In vitro & in vivo inhibition studies were done to ascertain influence of ginkgo on CYP2C9, the P-450 isozyme responsible for metabolism of most potent warfarin enantiomer, (S)-warfarin which showed no interactions between Ginkgo biloba extract & CYP2C9 probe substrates when observed in vivo. Mohutsky 2006


The review summarize the current literature regarding,interactions of flavonoids which are present in many dietary supplements or herbal remedies including Ginkgo Biloba, Soy Isoflavones & Milk Thistle with ATP-binding cassette (ABC) efflux transporters, mainly P-glycoprotein, MRP1, MRP2 and BCRP. Morris 2006


Ginkgo biloba pretreatment potentiated acetaminophen toxicity in cultured rat hepatocytes and ginkgolide A contributed to this novel effect of the extract by inducing cytochrome P450 3A. Rajaraman 2006


It is suggested that the combination of Ginkgo biloba extract and drugs like tolbutamide & midazolam should be cautious in terms of the potential interactions, especially in elderly patients or patients treated with drugs exerting relatively narrow therapeutic windows. Uchida 2006


Identification of potential drug-drug interactions between drugs used by patients recently discharged from hospital & subsequent estimation of clinical implications of these interactions reveals that 11 of potential class 2 interactions involved over-the-counter products (aspirin & Ginkgo biloba). Glintborg 2005


Ginkgo biloba (ginkgo) caused bleeding when combined with warfarin or aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid), raised blood pressure when combined with a thiazide diuretic and even caused coma when combined with trazodone in patients. Hu 2005


It is found that the components of ginseng and ginkgo biloba are capable of inhibiting CYP2C9- and CYP3A4-mediated metabolic reactions and quercetin & ginsenoside Rd have the potential to interact with conventional medicines that are metabolized by CYP2C9 and CYP3A4 in vivo. He 2004


It is indicated that Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) reduces the therapeutic potency of phenobarbital via enhancement of cytochrome P450 expression in rats, and raises the possibility that GBE and drug interactions may occur clinically. Kubota 2004


Herbs with the potential to significantly modulate the activity of drug-metabolizing enzymes (notably cytochrome p450 isozymes) and/or the drug transporter P-glycoprotein include garlic, ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba), echinacea, ginseng, St John' s wort and kava. Sparreboom 2004


Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE)-induced hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes in rats, especially CYPs, were rapidly recovered by discontinuation of GBE in rats even after excess treatment, and interactions of GBE with drugs could be avoided by discontinuation of GBE. Sugiyama 2004


It is shown that Ginkgo biloba can induce omeprazole hydroxylation in a CYP2C19 genotype-dependent manner and concurrently reduce the renal clearance of 5-hydroxyomeprazole. Yin 2004


The concomitant oral use of Ginkgo biloba leaf extract appeared to reduce the first-pass metabolism of orally administered nifedipine, by inhibiting CYP3A, possibly but not P-glycoprotein, in rats. Yoshioka 2004a


Ginkgo biloba leaf extract (GBE) and nifedipine (NFP) should not be simultaneously ingested as much as possible, and careful monitoring is needed when administering NFP concomitantly with GBE to humans. Yoshioka 2004b


Review on potential interactions between herbal medicines and conventional drug therapies used by older adults attending a memory clinic showed that the most common potential herb-drug interaction was between ginkgo and aspirin. Dergal 2002


A 78-year-old man who was on lisinopril 20 mg daily & ginkgo biloba 50 mg t.i.d, developed headache, confusion & progressive right-sided weakness after a fall & a subdural hematoma was diagnosed by CT scan & it was suggested that Ginkgo biloba either caused or predisposed to subdural hematoma. Miller 2002


This review briefly summarizes important adverse interactions of commonly used herbal remedies with prescription cardiovascular medications. Aggarwal 2001


Review of literature describing possible interactions between herbal therapies, including Ginkgo biloba, and conventional drug therapy to treat dementia. Gold 2001


Literature search of herb-drug interaction was performed using Medline, Cochrane Library, Embase and phytobase. Ginkgo biloba interactions include bleeding when combined with warfarin, raised blood pressure when combined with a thiazide diuretic and coma when combined with trazodone. Izzo 2001


This review discusses potential interactions between warfarin and Ginkgo biloba. Evans 2000


Gingko biloba, among others, if taken with warfarin, may eliminate its therapeutic effect or may be toxic to the organism. [Article in Czech] Tumova 2000


Literature review of potential interactions between warfarin and ginkgo, among others, resulting in intracerebral hemorrhage. Vaes 2000


Reports of Ginkgo biloba extract causing spontaneous bleeding, and having drug interactions with anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents, are reviewed. Cupp 1999


Literature review of dietary supplement and drug interactions, including bleeding complications with Ginkgo biloba, with or without concomitant drug therapy. Smolinske 1999


Social interaction among rats was decreased by Ginkgo EGb 761 (injected or oral), increased by diazepam, and increased further when both administered. Chermat 1997


Pilot study with 23 depressed patients on whether Ginkgo helps or harms amitriptyline treatment [Article in French] Loas 1996

Contraindications 


Vitamin E and Ginkgo biloba have anticoagulant and anti-platelet effects respectively, and high doses are contraindicated in those being treated for vascular disorders. Bartlett 2005

EVIDENCE OF ACTIVITY



Animal Studies 


The protective potential of Ginkgo biloba extract in the prevention of adriamycin-induced hyperlipidemic nephrotoxicity in rats was associated with the decrease in the oxidative stress and the total nitric oxide levels of renal tissues. Abd-Ellah 2006


Ginkgo biloba (herbal product), used as a folkloric medicine in the treatment of dementia, was evaluated for its effects on reproductive, cytological & biochemical toxicity in male Swiss albino mice. The results warrant careful use of G. biloba as a remedy for impotence and/or erectile dysfunction. Al-Yahya 2006


[Protective effects of extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761) on nerve cells after spinal cord injury in rats.] Ao 2006


It is demonstrated that extract of Ginkgo biloba could inhibit inducible nitric oxide synthase expression and have neuroprotective effect by preventing nerve cells from apoptosis after spinal cord injury in rats. Ao 2006


Long-term pre-treatment of a standard form of the extract of Ginkgo biloba leaf administered either alone or in combination with drugs significantly effective neuroprotection on infarct volume in gerbil ischemic brains. Chung 2006


Prophylactic oral administration of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) in the dose 40 mg/kg/day during the 7 days protects the most vulnerable CA1 pyramidal cells against 20 min of ischemia in male Wistar rats. Domorakova 2006


Bleomycin induced oxidative stress in rats can be prevented by Gingko biloba treatment via high anti-oxidant enzyme activity together with decreased radical production from xanthine oxidase. Erdogan 2006


Ginkgo biloba extract has protective effects against spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion injury in rabbits by scavenging oxygen free radicals and inhibit the apoptosis of neural cells. Fan 2006a


The protective effects of the ginkgo leaf extracts against spinal cord injury induced by ischemia-reperfusion in rabbits may be related to scavenging oxygen free radicals, reducing lipid peroxidation injury and inhibiting apoptosis. [Article in Chinese] Fan 2006b


Extract from Ginkgo biloba resists oxidative stress and thereby reduces chronic liver injury and liver fibrosis in rats with liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride. He 2006


The neuroprotective action of Ginkgo biloba extract in pentylenetetrazol-kindled mice may correlate with its ability to inhibit not only excessive reactive oxygen species formation but also seizure generation. Ilhan 2006


Ginkgo biloba has a potent antioxidant activity in the model of bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis in rats, and therefore has a potent antifibrotic activity against bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis model in rats. Iraz 2006


Ginkgo biloba extract feeding on salt-induced hypertensive Dahl rats reduced salt-related elevation of blood pressure and restored the impaired acetylcholine-induced vasodilation in aortic segments. Kubota 2006


Ginkgo biloba extract enhanced endothelium-dependent vasodilation and elevation of the endothelial intracellular Ca(2+) level in spontaneously hypertensive rats, resulting in hypotension. Kubota 2006


Although the potency of inhibition was lower than that of prednisolone in ICR mice, the Ato Formula which contains flavonoid mixtures including Ginkgo biloba L. leaves may be beneficial for treating chronic skin inflammatory disorders such as atopic dermatitis. Lim 2006


When topically applied to ICR mouse ear, ginkgetin (20-80 microg /ear / treatment)inhibited ear edema (22.8-30.5%) & prostaglandin E2 production (30.2-31.1%)induced by multiple treatment of 12-O-tetra decanoylphorbol-13-acetate for 7 consecutive days. Thus it may be useful in atopic dermatitis. Lim 2006


The molecular mechanism of one of the active ingredients of Ginkgo biloba was investigated to affect the levels of several apoptotic markers in six brain regions following global ischemia in senescence-accelerated mice. Lu 2006


It is speculated that the Ginkgo biloba extract may be a potential neuroprotective agent against apoptosis through the differential expressions of the Bax and Bcl-2 in the hippocampus of the Senescence Accelerated Mice. Mak 2006


Oral treatment of animals with ginkgoterpenes inhibited broncho-constriction & concomitant increase of levels of thromboxane B2 in circulation caused by histamine & platelet activating factor in normal guinea pigs or by ovalbumin in actively sensitized guinea pigs. Mauri 2006


The effects of ginkgo biloba extract on the extent and severity of ulcerative colitis (UC) caused by intracolonic administration of acetic acid was evaluated in rats which showed that Ginkgo biloba may be effective in the treatment of UC through its scavenging effect on oxygen-derived free radicals. Mustafa 2006


Ginkgo biloba phytosome treatment was found to increase superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase activities in all the brain regions of Wistar rats, compared with those treated only with sodium nitrite. Naik 2006


Administration of Ginkgo biloba phytosomes reduced pentobarbitone-induced sleeping time, exhibited both antiamnestic and antidepressant activities in the scopolamine-induced amnesia test and behavioural despair test, respectively in rodents. Naik 2006


Ginkgo biloba extract, EGb 761, is effective in reducing, at least partially, both cognitive impairments & hippocampal damage after transient, global cerebral ischemia in rats & suggest that its effect on behavioral recovery may be dissociated from the neuroprotective effect on hippocampus. Paganelli 2006


The Ginkgo leaf extract appears to be an efficacious agent that provides a safe dietary supplement for the elderly dog with age-related behavioural disturbances. Reichling 2006


The antidepressant effect of extracts of Ginkgo biloba was examined using two behavioral models, the forced swimming test in rats and tail suspension test in mice. Sakakibara 2006


It is implicated that the analgesic acetaminophen causes oxidative damage in hepatic tissues and Ginkgo biloba extract, by its antioxidant effects protects the tissues of Balb/c mice. Sener 2006


Ginkgo appears to enhance neither short-term working memory nor long-term reference memory, but it may promote learning of spatial information in rats. Shif 2006


Ginko biloba extract and dipyridamole could increase myocardial inducible NO synthase expression in transcriptive and translative levels in rabbits after myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, and the combined treatment of them shows a more significant effect. [Article in Chinese] Song 2006


The alterations of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGF) & influence of extract of Ginkgo biloba after subarachnoid hemorrhage in Wistar rats were investigated which revealed that up-regulated expression of two kinds of VEGF receptors may be an intrinsicprotective mechanism. Sun 2006


Ginkgo biloba extract, by balancing the oxidant-antioxidant status and inhibiting the generation of proinflammatory cytokines and neutrophil infiltration, protects against naphthalene-induced oxidative organ injury in BALB-c mice of either sex. Tozan 2006


It has been shown that Ginkgo biloba extract can protect the cardiovascular tissues against HgCl(2)-induced oxidative damage in Wistar albino rats. Tunali-Akbay 2006


It is found that the spatial learning and memory of aged rats is worse than that of young subjects, and EGb 761, a standardized extract from Gingko biloba leaves, acting as a 'cognitive enhancer', has benefit on synaptic plasticity and cognition in aged rats. Wang 2006


A typical ECG S-T segment elevation and an increase of plasma creatine kinase activity were inhibited in rabbits treated with either total flavones of rhododendra (TFR) or ginkgo biloba extract for 7 days, indicating a protective effect of TFR on ischemic myocardial injury. Yuan 2006


The protective effect of Ginkgo biloba extract on the kidney in the case of ischemia-reperfusion injury was studied using male rats. [Article in Chinese] Zhao 2005


Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb), an antioxidant & monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B)inhibitor, was evaluated for its anti-parkinsonian effects in a 6-hydroxydopamine rat model of the disease which suggested that EGb can be used as a therapeutic approach to check the neuronal loss following parkinsonism. Ahmad 2005


Co-administration of alpha-lipoic acid, Ginkgo biloba extract, melatonin or amrinone with vancomycin prevented increases in urea, creatinine & melondialdehyde levels in rats & also resulted in higher superoxide dismutase & GSH peroxidase activities & thus protected from nephrotoxicity. Celik 2005


The evaluation of the preventive effect of Ginkgo biloba extract on ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injuries in rats suggests that it may be mediated through: (1) inhibition of lipid peroxidation; (2) preservation of gastric mucus and NP-SH; and (3) blockade of cell apoptosis. Chen 2005


The effect of aluminum on high voltage-dependent calcium current (I(HVA)) and its modulation by ginkgolide B was investigated in rats which showed that ginkgolide B could prevent neurons from injury by inhibiting calcium influx. Chen 2005


Vitamin E and EGb 761 (Ginkgo) treatment, alone or in combination, appears to be beneficial in preventing endotoxin-induced oxidative renal tissue damage in rats and therefore shows potential for clinical use. Coskun 2005


Evaluation of the effect of the extract obtained from leaves of Ginkgo biloba tree EGb 761 on catalepsy induced by haloperidol in Albino Swiss mice showed that repeated administration increases the effects of drugs that modify motor behavior in mice. Fontana 2005


The protective effects of Ginkgo biloba extract (GbE) on learning and memory function in aluminum-treated rats and its potential mechanisms were examined which revealed that GbE is effective in improving the ability of spatial learning and memory of aluminum-intoxicated rats. Gong 2005


Anti-inflammatory effect of water-soluble portion of Ginkgo biloba extract, EGb 761 on inflammation caused by Candida albicans, an agent that causes fungal arthritis in BALB/c mice revealed that blockage of NO production from macrophages may be a mechanism for anti-inflammatory effect. Han 2005


Exposure to 4 doses of gamma radiation fraction decreased the carrageenan-induced paw oedema and that the administration of Ginkgo biloba extract further lessened the severity of this inflammatory response in irradiated rats. Hedayat 2005


The protective effect of ginkgo biloba extract on livers of aged rats indicates that the possible mechanisms might be its antioxidant activity and inhibition of tissue inhibitor-1 of metalloproteinase expression. Huang 2005


Age-related modulation in vasodilating actions induced by Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) and bilobalide, a main constituent of GBE, were examined using rat aorta ring strips which showed that GBE and bilobalide possess a similar characteristic for age-related modification. Nishida 2005


It has been indicated that combined Ginkgo biloba extract with venlafaxine enhances the protection of neurons and decreases damage to the brain of rats, while relieving the side effects of synthetic antidepressants. Qin 2005


The antioxidant and antifibrotic effects of long-term Ginkgo biloba administration on liver fibrosis induced by biliary obstruction in male Wistar albino rats was assessed which revealed that Ginkgo biloba protects the liver from oxidative damage following BDL in rats. Sener 2005


The efficacy of a natural medicine, the extract of Ginkgo biloba, in prevention and treatment of the post-stress memory dysfunctions in rats revealed that Gingko biloba extract diminishes stress-induced memory deficits in rats. Walesiuk 2005


It was found that Ginkgo biloba extract improved the spatial memory deficits induced by scopolamine and also caused repair to spatial memory deficits induced by diphenhydramine. [Article in Japanese] Yamamoto 2005


Ginkgo biloba extract can ameliorate kaolin-induced hydrocephalus in the upper cervical cord and inhibit kaolin-induced neuron apoptosis in rabbits. [Article in Chinese] Yang 2005


Flavonoid of ginkgo biloba have some protective effects on the damage of anti-oxidizing system of mice induced by acute alcohol adminstration. [Article in Chinese] Yao 2005


Ginkgo biloba extract (GbE) showed marked anti-inflammatory activity in the carrageenan model of paw oedema and suggested that GbE may be of clinical value as an anti-inflammatory and analgesic drug alone or in conjunction with NSAIDs. Abdel-Salam 2004


It has been shown that Ginkgo biloba prevents the development of early high altitude pulmonary edema in rats. Berg 2004


Ginkgo biloba extract can improve weight gain and mucosal healing in duodenal ulcer rats by the actions of cytoprotection and antioxidation. Chao 2004


The effect of Ginkgo biloba extract on the amyloid precursor protein metabolism has been investigated by both in vitro and in vivo models of rats. Colciaghi 2004


Total lactones of ginkgo possesses effect on antiaging via attenuating lipid peroxidation and NO and apoptosis of cerebral cells of D-galactose induced aging mice. [Article in Chinese] Dong 2004


The antioxidant role of Ginkgo biloba (GB) in preventing radiation-induced cataracts in the lens after total-cranium irradiation of rats with a single radiation dose of 5 Gy was determined. Ertekin 2004


Pretreatment and early posttreatment with Ginkgo biloba extract is an effective neuroprotectant in a rat model of chronic glaucoma. Hirooka 2004


The possible interactions between exposure to Ginkgo biloba extract and enriched environments on the acquisition and retention of spatial learning following massed and spaced trials in rats revealed that ginkgo has powerful effects on short-term retention. Hoffman 2004


Reactive oxygen species play a role in the mechanism that has been proposed to explain the biological side effects of mobile phones (MP), and Ginkgo biloba prevents the MP-induced oxidative stress to preserve antioxidant enzymes activity in rat brain tissue. Ilhan 2004


Ginkgo biloba extract suppresses the inflammation of EIU by blocking the iNOS protein expression and its anti-inflammatory effect on rat eye is comparable with that of prednisolone used in similar doses. Ilieva 2004


The neuroprotective effects of a standardized extract of Ginkgo biloba L.(EGb 761) were investigated on 6-hydroxydopamine(6-OHDA)-induced neurotoxicity in the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system of the rat brain and indicated a possible role for the extract in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Kim 2004


Naoweikang, a combination of extrats of ginseng and ginkgo biloba significantly increased the level of acetylcholine in whole brain of Abeta treated rats and a sensitive, selective and reliable method for routinely determining ACh in rat whole brain was established. Liu 2004


Comparative vasodilating actions of the constituents of Ginkgo biloba extract, terpenoids (bilobalide, ginkgolides A, B &C) & flavonoids (quercetin and rutin), were examined using rat aorta ring strips which showed that all constituents of GBE had concentration-dependent vasorelaxtant effect. Nishida 2004


Ginkgo biloba extract EGb761 was found to be effective in preventing some functional and morphological deteriorations in cis-diamminedi-chloroplatinum (CDDP)-induced peripheral neuropathy in Swiss albino mice. Ozturk 2004


In senescent mice, Ginkgo biloba leaf extract EGb 761 reduced impact of stress on evaluation and hesitation & restored some stress-related neurobehavioral changes that were only seen in young mice, i.e. acceleration of information processing & reduction in brain 5-5-hydroxyindolacetic acid levels. Pardon 2004


A statistically significantly higher frequency of paroxysmal seizures was established after usage of ginkgo biloba extract in chinchilla rabbits and the extracts found to have a proconvulsive activity. [Article in Serbian] Pilija 2004


It is suggested that most Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) samples available in Japan induce cytochrome P450s in rats regardless of the preparation method of the GBE, and that proanthocyanidin is not responsible for the induction. [Article in Japanese] Sugiyama 2004


The simultaneous and continuous intake of Ginkgo biloba extract significantly affects the hypoglycemic action of tolbutamide, possibly via a hepatic cytochrome P450 enzyme-mediated mechanism, particularly in the aged rats. Sugiyama 2004


The possible chemopreventive ability of extract of leaves of ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) or bilobalide was demonstrated in male F344 rats, through alterations in cryptal cell proliferation activity and drug metabolizing enzymes' activities, in colon tumorigenesis. Suzuki 2004


Ginkgo biloba extracts & their flavonoid fraction significantly inhibited alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase activity in vitro, and reduced the elevation of rat plasma glucose levels after oral administration of sucrose & glucose in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. [Article in Japanese] Tanaka 2004


Immune response of Ginkgo biloba on healthy & stressed Wistar rats submitted to hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation was evaluated & cellular immune response was measured using delayed-type hypersensitivity response to sheep RBC's & immunostimulatory activity of G. biloba was confirmed. Villasenor-Garcia 2004


The effect of streptozotocin-induced diabetes by i.p. bolus injection of streptozotocin at 60 mg per kg bodyweight over 4 months and additional acute respiratory hypoxia (20 min. duration, 5% oxygen v/v), and also the protective effect of Ginkgo biloba extract on Wistar rat liver was investigated. Welt 2004


The acute and chronic effect of Ginkgo biloba leaf extract on synaptic transmission and plasticity in hippocampal slices from young adult and aged (18-24 months) C57Bl/6 mice was tested because hippocampal plasticity is believed to be a key component of memory. Williams 2004


It is demonstrated that Ginkgo biloba Extract EGb 761 has protective effect on hepatic endothelial cells and hepatic microcirculation in rats with chronic liver injury induced by CCl4. The mechanisms may involve its inhibition on ET-1, PAF and lipid peroxidation. Zhang 2004


To observe the effects of L-tetrahydropalmatine on concentrations of neurotransmitter amino acids in mice with cerebral ischemia, mice were divided into control group, cerebral ischemia group, L-THP treated group and Ginkgo biloba extract treated group. [Article in Chinese] Zhang 2004


It is demonstrated that the constituents of Ginkgo biloba leaf extract, ginkgolides A, B, C and J are effective blockers of glycine-activated chloride channels in the hippocampal neurons of rat. Chatterjee 2003


Ginkgo biloba extract (0.5%) significantly increased hepatic P-450 content and reduced the hypotensive effect of nicardipine in Wistar rats. Kubota 2003


Anxiolytic-like effects of Ginkgo biloba extract & its four components ginkgolide-A, ginkgolide-B, ginkgolide-C, & bilobalide were assessed using elevated plus-maze test in mice which showed that GBE produced anxiolytic-like effect on repeated administration & ginkgolide-A is responsible for this. Kuribara 2003


The retina apoptosis was induced by glutamate by intravitreal injection in adult rabbit and was inhibited by extracts of ginkgo biloba that may be through blocking the generation of nitric oxide free radicals. [Article in Chinese] Li 2003


Han-Dan-Gan-Le, a Chinese herb preparation composed of 5 herbs including Ginkgo biloba can effectively reverse chemically induced liver fibrosis in adult Wistar rats, which appears to be due to the stimulation of hepatic collagenolysis, resulting in a resolution of hepatic fibrosis. Li 2003


It is found that Ginkgo biloba extract can raise the levels of caspase-3 and amyloid precursor protein in the hippocampus of normal rats. Luo 2003


Effects of 2 doses of Ginkgo biloba extract were studied on corticosterone stress responses & acquisition of active avoidance after inescapable shock exposure in rats which showed repeated administration of GBE improved biological adaptation to noxious stimuli without behavioral effects. Markus 2003


Bilobil, a commercial preparation based on Ginkgo biloba extract, improves the functional state of kidney and increases the survival of rats with glycerol-induced acute renal insufficiency. [Article in Russian] Nazarenko 2003


Ginkgo biloba extract (100 mg/kg, ip, qd) could prevent and treat acute cerebral ischemia in rats. Peng 2003


The behavioral effects of a standardized extract from Panax ginseng roots from Ginkgo biloba leaves and of their combination were experimented on rats with undisturbed memory and on rats with experimentally-impaired memory. Petkov 2003


The anti-stress potential of Ginkgo biloba, 30 mg/kg, p.o. was compared with that of Panax ginseng, 100 mg/kg, p.o. against acute stress and chronic stress models in rats which showed that G. biloba is more effective in acute stress, whereas for chronic stress, P. ginseng will be a better option. Rai 2003


It is indicated that Ginkgo biloba extract EGb761, can attenuate myocardial stunning following a brief ischemic insult in the in situ pig heart by an effect that involves a decrease in the formation of free radicals. Rioufol 2003


Chronic Ginkgo biloba treatment can block an age-dependent decline in spatial cognition without altering Abeta levels and without suppressing protein oxidation in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Stackman 2003


Ginkgo biloba extract, by antagonizing the overproduction of endo- thelin-1, partly reverses cerebral vasospasm and improves microcirculation, and thus relieves secondary ischemic brain injury after experimental Wistar rat subarachnoid hemorrhage. Sun 2003


The effect of EGb 761, a standard extract of Ginkgo biloba leaf, on thymocyte apoptosis and age-related thymic atrophy and on peripheral immune dysfunctions was investigated in mice. Tian 2003


The effects of combination antioxidant therapy on longevity and neuropathology in mice was examined by supplementing the diet of ApoE-deficient mice with vitamin E, ginkgo biloba, pycnogenol, and ascorbyl palmitate. Veurink 2003


The effects of Ginkgo biloba extract (GbE) and tanshinone (Tan) on cytochrome P450 isozymes and glutathione transferase in rats was investigated which showed that GbE and Tan caused modulation of CYP isozymes. Yang 2003


Prophylactic application of Ginkgo biloba extract Egb761 exerts highly beneficial influence on the course of acute pancreatitis in 60 male Sprague Dawley rats, and this seems to be related to the oxygen radical scavenger effect of Egb761. Zeybek 2003


Analysis of the effect of Ginkgo biloba leaf extract (GbE) on electroencephalography of rat with cerebral ischemia and reperfusion shows that GbE could mitigate the cerebral damage caused by ischemia. Zhang 2003


Chronic administration of the extract EGb 761 from Ginkgo biloba leaves (100 mg/kg body weight, daily, from 4 to 7 months of age) in vitamin E-deficient adult rats modulates synaptic and mitochondrial plasticity. Bertoni-Freddari 2002


Hepatic function damage could be induced by acute lung injury (ALI) in aging rats but Ginkgo biloba extract showed a protective effect on ALI and hepatic function damage in this animal model. [Article in Chinese] Du 2002


Ginkgo biloba extract could protect damaged neurons of rats by keeping the balance of inhibitory/excitatory aminoacids, enhancing the free radical scavengers system, and inhibiting the effect of glutamate on [Ca(2+)]I. Hu 2002


Ginkgetin and a mixture of ginkgetin and isoginkgetin, G. biloba leaf biflavones, inhibited production of prostaglandin E2 from lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Inhibition was partially mediated by down-regulation of COX-2 expression, but not direct inhibition of COX-1 or COX-2 activity. Kwak 2002


Studies on paracetamol induced hepatic damage in rats indicated that the hepatoprotective nature of Ginkgo biloba (GB) might be due to its ability to prevent lipid peroxidation and replenishing the gllutathione level and the effects of GB were comparable to that of silymarin. Shenoy 2002


An investigation on the effect of Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) on acute lung injury(ALI) induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in aging rats found that GBE had protective effect on ALI induced by LPS Sun 2002


This investigates pre-trial effects of Zingicomb (Zingiber officinale and Ginkgo biloba) on inhibitory avoidance conditioning in adult male Wistar rats. The animals were treated and tested 24 h after training, rats receiving 10 mg/kg exhibited significantly longer step-through latencies controls. Topic 2002


Treatments of 1 mg/kg ZC improved escape learning in the Morris water maze using 22-24 months old Wistar rats. Topic 2002


This study investigated the effect of ginkgo biloba extract (Gbe), on UV-B-irradiated skin by measuring superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and Zinc levels in the skin, and found SOD and Zinc activity was decreased after UV-B exposure. Aricioglu 2001


An increase in the catalase and superoxide dismutase activities in the hippocampus, striatum and SN, and a decrease of the lipid peroxidation in the hippocampus were observed of rats treated with standardized extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761). Bridi 2001


Ginkgo biloba extract alone increased antioxidant plasma capacity, and when complexed with phosphatidylcholine, showed cardioprotective activity in rats. Carini 2001


Bilobalide, purified from Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761), administered orally to gerbils had neuroprotective effects against ischemic injury. Chandrasekaran 2001


The apparent modulatory influence of Gingko biloba EGb 761 on bleomycin-induced acute lung injury stems, in part, from its beneficial free radical scavenging properties that provide the extract with antioxidant activity. El-Khatib 2001


Gingko biloba standardized extract, fed to transgenic ALS mice, improved motor performance and survival, and had gender-specific neuroprotective effects. Ferrante 2001


Degenerative intramitochondrial areas increased significantly after diabetes and after acute hypoxia of rat myocardium; Gingko biloba (EGb) was protective only after additional hypoxia. Fitzl 2001


50 mg/kg of Ginkgo biloba decreased free radical production in hypoxic rats, but no antioxidant activity was observed in red blood cells. Louajri 2001


Ginkgo biloba extract fed to streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats increased nitric oxide synthase isoforms I and III in the vastus lateralis muscle. Punkt 2001


[Effect of Ginkgo biloba extract on brain edema after subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats.] Sun 2001


Administration of bacterial lipopolysaccharide to laboratory animals and cultured macrophages induces tumor necrosis factor-alpha, a pro-inflammatory cytokine. Pretreatment with Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) inhibited the in vivo production of TNF-alpha. Wadsworth 2001


Pre-treatment with Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) suppresses the in vivo production of nitric oxide (measured by the Griess reaction) after challenge with bacterial lipopolysaccharide to laboratory animals and cultured macrophages. Wadsworth 2001


In vivo mouse study showed the neuromodulatory effects of Ginkgo biloba leaf extracts by a 3-fold increase in mRNA expression in the cortex and hippocampus. Watanabe 2001


Ginkgo biloba extracts given to diabetic rats in hypoxia-induced state seem to protect some microvascular endothelium. Welt 2001


Mongolian gerbils pre-treatment with Ginkgo biloba extract showed dose-dependent reduction of brain ischemia and nitric oxide formation. Calapai 2000


Folium ginkgo biloba (Bailuda)therapy significantly reduces inflammation and fibrosis in rats with induced pulmonary interstitial fibrosis. [Article in Chinese] Chen 2000


The myocardium of streptozotocin-diabetic rats, treated with Ginkgo biloba extract, EGb 761, improved hypoxic tolerance. Fitzl 2000


Ginkgo biloba, nimodipine and dipyridamole inhibited aniogenesis in rats and mice with experimental retinopathy of prematurity. Juarez 2000


Immunotoxic properties, such as alkylphenols in Ginkgo biloba leaf extracts, could be detected in a simple popliteal lymph node assay in mice. Koch 2000


Ginkgo biloba, a blood flow promoting drug, provided no significant therapeutic value in guinea pig from noise-induced hearing loss. Lamm 2000


The terpenoid constituents and the flavonoid metabolites of Ginkgo biloba extract, EGb 761, were found to act in a complementary manner against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat hearts. Liebgott 2000


Ginkgo biloba extract appears to protect gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in male rats. Naidu 2000


Ginkgo biloba extract, EGb 761, reduces cerebral monoamine oxidase levels in stressed 18-month-old mice but not in 17-month-old mice. Pardon 2000


Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) did not show monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibition in mice. Porsolt 2000


Injection of an extract of Ginkgo biloba, increased the cerebral blood flow (P < 0.05-0.001) & the back legs of dogs. [Article in Chinese] Shen 2000


Monoamine oxidase A knock-out mice treated with ginkgo biloba extract reduced aggression to levels seen in wild types. Shih 2000


Ginkgo biloba extract reverses nitric oxide changes, and relieves cerebral vasospasm and ischemic damage in rats with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Sun 2000


Hypertensive rats on 2% ginkgo biloba extract diet showed anti-hypertensive and bradycardiac effects. Umegaki 2000


Ginkgo biloba extract showed dose-dependent protective effects on gastric mucosa in pretreated rats and mice. Wang 2000


Gingko biloba extract (EGb 761) and Gingkolide B reduce edema and cell injury in hyperthermic rats. Westman 2000


Chronic and acute treatment with Gingko biloba extract, EGb 761, improves olfactory short-term memory in young and old rats. Wirth 2000


Ginkgo biloba was shown to reduce chronic hypoxic pulmonary hypertension in rats, in part by attenuating the protein kinase C function. [Article in Chinese] Yang 2000


Ginkgo biloba leaf extract, EGb 761, has therapeutic effect on SHR rats by regulating hypertension and protecting the cerebral microcirculation. Zhang 2000


Ginkgo biloba extract was shown to reduce ischemic brain damage and increase cerebral blood flow in rats. Zhang 2000


Folium Ginkgo biloba extract improved learning and memory, lowered malonyldialdehyde, nitric oxide and PGE2 levels, in mice with cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. [Article in Chinese] Zhou 2000


Chromosome damage caused by radiation-induced clastogenic factors in rats was inhibited more effectively with Ginkgo biloba extract, EGb761, than with the extract without the terpene fraction. Alaoui-Youssefi 1999


Antioxidants, Ginkgo biloba extract, EGb761, and superoxide dismutase significantly improved vitreoretinopathy induced in rabbits. Baudouin 1999


The bioavailability of ginkgolides A, B and bilobalide in rats after oral administration of 30, 55 and 100 mg/kg Ginkgo extract, EGb 761, was dose-linear. Biber 1999


Ginkgo biloba extract, EGb 761, known to scavenge radicals, showed only little cardioprotective effects in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight. Fitzl 1999


Ginkgo biloba extract protects against sensorineural hearing loss but has no antitumor activity against cisplatin-induced toxicity in rats. [Article in Japanese] Fukaya 1999


In a preliminary study, mice supplemented with Ginkgo biloba extract achieved fewer errors in following a maze. Gajewski 1999


Streptozotocin induced deficits in learning, memory and cognition were partially compensated in animals treated with dried green leaf Ginkgo biloba extract, EGb761, and the disturbances in cerebral energy metabolism returned to almost completely normal values. Hoyer 1999


Ginkgetin, a biflavone isolated from Ginkgo biloba leaves, significantly reduced arthritic inflammation in rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis at a dose of 20 mg/kg/day. Kim 1999


Contrary to other blood flow promoting drugs, Ginkgo biloba, had no sustained effects on treating noise-induced cochlear ischemia, hypoxia, and hearing loss in guinea pigs. Lamm 1999


Ginkgo biloba extract was shown to have prophylactic effects on intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Onen 1999


110 mg/kg of Ginkgo biloba extract, EGb 761, protects Na,K-ATPase activity in mice with cerebral ischemia. Pierre 1999


Ginkgo biloba extract treatment was shown to have protective effects by increasing enzyme activities in oxidative fibres of soleus muscle in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Punkt 1999


Contrary to previous reports, Ginkgo biloba extract, EGb 761, does not significantly enhance or accelerate vestibular compensation following unilateral vestibular deafferentation in guinea pigs. Schlatter 1999


Rats pretreated with Ginkgo biloba extract, EGb761, showed reduced amphetamine-induced behavioral sensitization by lowering glucocorticoid levels. Trovero 1999


Ginkgo biloba extract, EGb 761, inhibited nitric oxide (NO) production and improved the recovery of postischemic cardiac function in isolated working rat hearts. Varga 1999


Ginkgo biloba extract, EGb 761, was shown to induce stimulus control in rats (10 mg/kg dose) and may be mediated by the 5-HT1A receptor activity. Winter 1999


Ginkgo biloba extract, EGb 761, not ginkgolides A and B, was shown to have dose-dependent neuroprotective effects against MPTP-induced nigrostriatal dopaminergic toxicity in mice. Wu 1999


Immature rats with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy and pretreated with Ginkgo biloba extract had lower platelet-activating factor, indicating this could possibly be a new treatment in brain injury. Akisu 1998


Platelet Activating Factor (PAF), which may have a role in neonatal encephalopathy, is lowered by either Ginkgo extract (EGb 761) or by flunarizine in rats Akisu 1998


Improved radical scavenging found in old rats treated for 4 weeks with EGb-761 150 mg/kg or Zinc 10.5 mg/kg along with meclofenoxate 100 mg/kg al-Zuhair 1998


EGb 761 and pentoxifylline reduced adriamycin radical induced necrosis in rats. Vitamin E failed Bekerecioglu 1998


Post surgical skin necrosis, presumed resulting from radicals, is reduced by deferoxamine, Ginkgo Egb 761, and vitamin C but not vitamin E Bekerecioglu 1998


Ginkgo extract did not reduce mortality in rats by E. coli infection Canturk 1998


Ginkgo EGb 761 reduced malondialdehyde and creatine kinase and increased catalase post surgically in rats Colak 1998


Guinea pigs were sensitized with 1,000 ppm of ginkgolic acids, but not with Ginkgo biloba leaf extracts, which can be safely ingested. Hausen 1998


Pretreatment with Ginkgo biloba extract protects against gentamicin ototoxicity in guinea pig cochlea. Jung 1998


EGb 761 (40 mg/kg/day) potentiates ticlopidine inhibition of ADP-induced platelet aggregation and thrombus in rats Kim 1998


Ginkgolide B, a major component of Ginkgo biloba extract, reduced the ligand binding capacity, protein, and mRNA expression of the adrenocortical benzodiazepine receptor and circulating glucocorticoid levels, in rats in vivo. Papadopoulos 1998


Re-incorporation of arachidonic acid into brain membranes after transient ischemia is doubled by 50 or 150 mg/kg/d EGb 761 Rabin 1998


Mitochondrial DNA from brain and liver of old rats has more oxidative damage than younger ones. Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 partially offsets this Sastre 1998


Ginkgolic acid conjugates (6-alkylsalicylates) and EGb 761 increased mobility of rats while only the former reduced anxiety Satyan 1998


EGb 761 at less than 100 mg/kg increased NO-Fe2+(DETC)2 complex, while 200 mg/kg decreased it. EGb 761 inhibited thiobarbituric reaction, creatine kinase, and reduced ventricular arrhythmias in a dose dependent way Shen 1998


Ginkgo biloba extract is helpful in reducing viscosity and elasticity of the whole blood, slowing blood coagulation and inhibiting platelet aggregation. Shen 1998


Preteatment with Ginkgo extract, 50 and 100 mg/kg, or ifenprodil alleviated memory impaired by 10 min. of oxygen starvation. Ginkgo flavonoids countered scopolamine effect Tadano 1998


Ginkgo leaf extract, EGb 761 at 50 mg/kg, improved maze learning and lengthened lifespan of rats Winter 1998


EGb761 speeded functional recovery from hemiplegia induced by unilateral motor cortex ablation; effect slower in older rats Brailowsky 1997


Learning effect of Ginkgo extract EGb 761 differs with age. Hippocampus may be important in the mechanism Cohen-Salmon 1997


EGb 761 at 25-100 mg/ kg/day decreased behavioral manifestation of tinnitus induced by 275 mg/kg/day of salicylate acid in rats Jastreboff 1997


Pretreatment with 0.5 mM theophylline, 10 microgm/ml indomethacin, or 30 microgm/ml tebokan (Ginkgo extract) counters adenosine induced pulmonary vasoconstriction Kucukhuseyin 1997


Evaluating effect of Ginkgo and radical scavengers on retinal ischemia Menerath 1997


60 mg/kg EGb 761 or 4 mg/kg ginkgolide A for 15 days improved recovery from ischemia. The terpenes didn't influence formation of the superoxide/DMPO adduct so mechanism appears to be inhibition of radical formation rather than scavenging Pietri 1997


Using rat myocardium enzyme markers, Ginkgo extract (EGb 761) for 3 months appears to increase oxidative capacity by 10% and decrease glycolytic capacity by 30% Punkt 1997


Bilobalide, from Ginkgo, reduced the convulsions induced by 4-O-methylpyridoxine (MPN) in a dose dependent manner in mice. 30 mg/kg to mice for 4 days increased liver 7-methoxycoumarin O-demethylase and metabolic elimination of MPN Sasaki 1997


Arteriol constriction (induced by ADP or low temperature) is prevented by Ginkbo EGb 761 or by platelet-depletion, indicating a role of the latter Stucker 1997


Experimental thrombosis model induced by laser beam. Application of aspirin and an extract of Ginkgo biloba: EGb 761. Belougne 1996


Ginkgo Plus reduced hypoxia-induced increase of pulmonary arterial pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance as well as the ratio of right ventricular weight vs left in rats Cheng 1996


100 mg/kg EGb 761 for three weeks improved 1-minute memory but not 24-hour memory. Enhancement in membrane fluidity wasn't correlated with memory change Stoll 1996


Tanakan (EGb 761) ameliorated effect of chronic stress on immune response in mice Turcan 1995

Pharmacodynamics 


Gingko biloba extract and other plant flavonoids might have potential as protective agents against apoptosis through scavenging reactive oxygen species upon cerebral or myocardial diseases associated with free radical generation. Altiok 2006


Ginkgo biloba extract pretreatment is able to completely reverse both basal and hydrogen peroxide-stimulated isoprostane production in rat brain in vitro and the Amyloid beta-peptide-induced isoprostane production was also inhibited, both in young and aged rats. Brunetti 2006


It is revealed for the first time that ginkgolide B retards the proliferation and development of mouse embryonic stem cells and blastocysts in vitro and causes developmental injury in vivo. Chan 2006


The novel findings indicate that Gingko biloba extract and the flavonol aglycones isorhamnetin, kaempferol, and quercetin preferentially inhibit the in vitro catalytic activity of human CYP1B1. Chang 2006


A distinct role of bilobalide and ginkgolide A in the modulation of CYP2B1 and CYP3A23 gene expression and enzyme activities by Ginkgo biloba extract in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes was indicated. Chang 2006


It is suggested that EGb 761, a standardized form of Ginkgo biloba leaf extract-induced insulin secretion is mediated by [Ca(2+)](i) elevation and subsequent activation of calium/calmodulin kinase (CaMK) II and protein kinase A. Choi 2006


Within the context of unprevented, ischemia-induced fever, the results demonstrate that Ginkgo biloba has no significant effect on brain infarct size in rats. de Lima 2006


A study was carried out to investigate whether Ginkgo biloba dimeric flavonoids were able to inhibit cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5) as well which revealed that that GBDF could exert a vasodilating effect through a mechanism independent of NO release. Dell'Agli 2006


Review on adjunctive preventive treatment for cancer indicates that Ginkgo biloba is widely-used and has few adverse effects. Eli 2006


[Ginkgo biloba extract: As a novel agent in prevention of valproic acid hepatotoxicity.] Foroughinia 2006


Evaluation of the effects of 15 herbal extracts including ginkgo leaf on uptake of estrone-3-sulfate, a typical organic anion-transporting polypeptide B (OATP-B) substrate, shows the inhibitory effect of ginkgo leaf extract was concentration-dependent and reversible. Fuchikami 2006


Both Ginkgo biloba extract & vitamin E reduced the oxidative stress resulting from senile plaques in vivo as monitored with intracranial imaging. Both treatments also lead to a progressive reversal of the structural changes in dystrophic neurites associated with senile plaques. Garcia-Alloza 2006


Ginkgo biloba leaf extract can ameliorate learning and memory deficit induced by aluminum chloride, which may be due to its inhibition of the acetylcholinesterase expression in hippocampus. Gong 2006


Determination of the beneficial effect of Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) against cisplatin-induced renal failure in rats shows that GBE has been shown to protect against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. Gulec 2006


The effects of four individual ginsenosides (Rb1, Rb2, Rc and Rd), two ginkgolides (A and B) and one flavonoid (quercetin) on CYP2C19-dependent S-mephenytoin 4 cent-hydroxylation and CYP2D6-mediated bufuralol 1 cent-hydroxylation were evaluated in human liver microsomes. He 2006


[Effect of ginkgo biloba extract on lipid peroxidation injury in the elderly patients with chronic corpulmonale.] [Article in Chinese] Jiang 2006


Ginkgolide B affects cardiomyocyte contractile function under normal (NG) and high-glucose (HG) environments in a paradoxical manner, which may be attributed to uneven action on Ca(2+) regulatory proteins under NG and HG conditions. Kim 2006


It is found that the effect of Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) on improving blood circulation may be partly attributed to its promoting thrombomodulin expression and t-PA secretion by endothelial cells, and quercetin participated in the effect of GBE on t-PA secretion. Lan 2006


Salvianolic acid B was much more efficient than Ginkgo biloba extract 761 in inhibiting beta-AP aggregation and in protecting PC12 cells from beta-AP-induced cytotoxicity. [Article in Chinese] Liu 2006


Salvianolic acid B and Ginkgo biloba extract were able to scavenge superoxide anion & hydroxyl radical, inhibit lipid peroxidation of microsomes, and protect SH-SY5Y cells against H2O2-induced oxidative damage. Liu 2006


There was no convincing evidence from trials of sufficient methodological quality to support the routine use of Ginkgo biloba extract to promote recovery after stroke. Liu 2006


Ginkgo biloba extract is able to ameliorate liver injury and prevent rats from CCl4-induced liver fibrosis by suppressing oxidative stress which may be related to inhibiting the induction of NF-kappaB on hepatic stellate cell activation and the expression of TGF-beta1. Liu 2006


Therapeutic effects of Ginkgo biloba extract against cerebral protection in Wistar rats which underwent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was evaluated & compared with Losartan, an antihypertensive drug. Loh 2006


It is demonstrated that extract of Ginkgo biloba leaves inhibited amyloid beta aggregation in vitro and attenuates reactive oxidative species in a model organism - the round worm Caenorhabditis elegans and it has clear therapeutic potential for prevention and/or treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Luo 2006


Ginkgolide B inhibited, the proliferation of VSMC and the secretion of chemokines by U937 cells stimulated by oxLDL, and inhibited the oxLDL-induced p65 activation and depletion of IKappaB. [Article in Chinese] Mao 2006


Bilobalide, a constituent of a standardized extract of Ginkgo biloba, strongly and specifically attenuates edema formation in models of brain ischemia in vitro and in vivo. It may be effective in brain edema which occurs secondarily to large hemispheric stroke and traumatic brain injury in humans. Mdzinarishvili 2006


Ginkgo biloba extract has a biphasic effect on estrogen, and can be considered as a potential alternative to hormone replacement therapy with chemopreventive effects on breast cancer. Oh 2006


Extract from Ginkgo biloba inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2 & tumor necrosis factor-alpha expressions through the down-regulation of NF-kappaB-DNA binding activity. Park 2006


It is suggested that preventing polymerization of F-actin may be a pathway by ginkgolide B(BN52021) to inhibit chemotaxis of macrophages (MPs)& this effect seems to be Ca2+ dependent. Inhibition of PAFinduced MP chemotaxis is an important mechanism underlying anti-inflammatory action of BN52021. Peng 2006


Treatment with standardized Ginkgo biloba extract decreased peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor mRNA levels and inhibited the proliferation of breast, glioma and hepatocarcinoma cell lines, and could be useful in preventing or treating cancer invasiveness and metastasis. Pretner 2006


Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb) through its free radical scavenging and antioxidant properties, attenuates irradiation-induced oxidative organ injury, suggesting that EGb may have a potential benefit in enhancing the success of radiotherapy. Sener 2006


The larvicidal bioassay against 3 strains of Culex pipiens pallens Coquillett showed that extracts of Ginkgo biloba exocarp have LC50 of 18.6, 12.7, and 25.0 mg/liter for deltamethrin-susceptible, deltamethrin-resistant, and field strains, respectively. Sun 2006


It is indicated that extract of Ginko biloba has potent antioxidant activity and could play a role to attenuate the cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury-induced oxidative protein modification and lipoperoxidation in the neuroprotective process. Urikova 2006


[Ginkgo at low concentrations] [Article in German] Vef-Georg 2006


Protective effects of the vitamin E derivative Trolox, the pyridoindole derivative Stobadine and of the standardized extracts of flavonoids from bark of Pinus Pinaster Pycnogenol and from leaves of Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761) were studied on moderate damaged ferritin. Voss 2006


The efficacy of a natural medicine, the extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGB 761), in prevention and treatment of the post-stress memory dysfunctions was investigated. Walesiuk 2006


The effective elements contained in Ginkgo biloba extract are mainly kinds of Ginkgo flavonoid and Ginkgolide, which have marked protective effects on cardio-cerebral vascular and central nerve systems. Wang 2006


Ginkgo biloba extract can suppress cell hypertrophy and the accumulation of extracellular matrix in rat mesangial cells, which means it could play a vital role in the delay of glomerulosclerosis in diabetic nephropathy. Wang 2006


Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 reduced diabetes-induced morphological alterations of kidney such as increase in volume of glomeruli, capillary tufts, urinary space, & thickening of Bowman's capsule basement membrane. It reduced total SOD activity from 163% in diabetic kidney to 46%. Welt 2006


Extract of ginkgo biloba and quercetin can inhibit AngII-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy through a ROS-dependent pathway in the primary cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. [Article in Chinese] Wu 2006

        

Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 and one of its components, ginkgolide A, alleviates AB-induced pathological behaviors, including paralysis, and reduces chemotaxis behavior and 5-HT hypersensitivity in a transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans. Wu 2006


It is demonstrated that acute systemic administration of standard extract of Ginkgo biloba facilitated the acquisition of conditioned fear by activating extracellular signal-regulated kinase. Yang 2006


Ginkgo biloba extract confers its anti-fibrotic effects through inhibiting hepatic stellate cells proliferation, reducing transforming growth factor-beta(1) and connective tissue growth factor expression and consequently suppressing the collagen production and ECM secretion. Zhang 2006


It is shown that ginkgolide A, a major constituent of Ginkgo biloba, effectively prevents homocysteine-induced endothelial dysfunction and molecular changes in porcine coronary arteries. Zhou 2006


It is indicated that the addition of either ginkgo biloba extract and a chemical monomer V could influence the pharmacokinetic parameters of ginsenosides and the influence was different when different administering routes were adopted. Bochu 2005


The biological activity of methanolic the extracts of leaves, roots, leaf-derived callus, root-derived callus, ginkolide A, ginkgolide B, bilobalide and a commercial Ginkgo product (Tanakan) was assessed. Boonkaew 2005


Ginkgolide treatment of mouse blastocysts induces apoptosis, decreases cell numbers, retards early postimplantation blastocyst development, and increases early-stage blastocyst death. Chan 2005


The effects of the standardised extract Ginkgo biloba 761 on hepatic CYP450 in rats was investigated and the results indicate that the effects of EGb 761 on drug metabolising enzymes are specific for rats. Chatterjee 2005


Investigation of electrophysiological effects of Ginkgo biloba extract on cation channel currents in ventricular myocytes isolated from rat hearts using whole-cell patch clamp technique, shows that it is a potent non-selective cation channel modulator in cardiaomyocytes. Chen 2005


Hematoxylin and eosin staining, Masson's trichrome stainings and electron microscope study showed liver fibrosis in rats was greatly alleviated when treated with Ginkgo biloba extract and it can partially protect rat liver from fibrogenesis induced by CCl4. Ding 2005


Stabilization and protection of mitochondrial function as a specific and very sensitive property of Ginkgo biloba extract at therapeutically relevant doses were clearly studied. Eckert 2005


The anti-apoptotic effect of Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761) in gossypol-treated human lymphocytes was investigated. Ergun 2005


[The situation of patients with dementia may be rectified by Gingko Biloba] [Article in German] Heinen-Kammerer 2005


It is found that the currently available data do not support the notion of superiority of cholinesterase inhibitors over EGb 761. Hoerr 2005


The antioxidant effects of trolox, the pyridoindole derivative stobadine and of the standardized extracts from bark of Pinus Pinaster PycnogenolR and from leaves of Ginkgo biloba were studied on oxidatively injured sarcoplasmic reticulum of rabbit skeletal muscle. Horakova 2005


Ginkgo biloba extract (GbE) inhibited production of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1beta and TNF-alpha, but up-regulated the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines, IL-10 and IL-10R in brain of rats, which might be related with its anti-atherosclerotic action. Jiao 2005


In order to reveal one of possible mechanisms for neuronal protective action of extract of Ginkgo biloba leaves (EGBL), the effect of EGBL on kainate- and KCl-induced increases in intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)]i) of rat cerebellar neurons was examined. Kanada 2005


The extracts of Abies nephrolepis, Acer tegmentosum, and Ginkgo biloba revealed a competitive inhibition against the membrane-associated 60 kDa sphingomyelinase activity with the inhibition constant of 11.9 microg/ mL, 9.4 microg/mL, and 12.9 microg/mL, respectively. Kim 2005


It has been investigated whether Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) induces apoptosis of oral cavity cancer cells and attempted to characterize the apoptotic pathway activated by EGb 761 which showed that EGb 761 induces apoptosis by the activation of caspase-3 in oral cavity cancer cells. Kim 2005


Ginkgolide B primarily induces activation of intracellular signaling events and has the potential to prime cellular functions such as polymorphonuclear leukocytes defense activities. Lenoir 2005


Gingko biloba extract (GbE) could improve the abnormal responses and maintain the normal function of astroglical network and these effects support that GbE has potential beneficial actions against brain injury. Li 2005


It is suggested that Gingko biloba extract could exert its neuroprotective effects by improvement of Cx43 expression and GJIC induced by hypoxia/ischemia-reoxygenation/ reperfusion injury. Li 2005


It is suggested that Ginkgo biloba extract as a preventive antioxidant can protect against ethanol-induced testicular injury, which may be associated with HO-1 activity enhancement, free radicals elimination, lipid per-oxidation reaction inhibition. [Article in Chinese] Li 2005a


Ginkgo biloba extract is able to ameliorate liver injury and prevent rats from CCl(4)-induced liver fibrosis by suppressing oxidative stress which may be related to inhibiting the expression of TGFbeta1 and the induction of NF-kappaB on hepatic stellate cell activation. [Article in Chinese] Liu 2005


The influence of some Chinese crude drugs, including Ginkgo biloba and Bulbus allii macrostemi on Ca(2+) influx in isolated rat aortas was investigated by using (45)Ca as a radioactive tracer, and their calcium antagonistic effects were evaluated. Liu 2005


Assessment of the in vitro susceptibility of 15 Helicobacter pylori strains to botanical extracts, which are used in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders shows that methanol extracts of Matricaria recutita and Ginkgo biloba (leaves) had a MIC > 100 microg/mL. Mahady 2005


14 dietary supplements that are sometimes marketed for weight control or loss which includes fiber, garlic, Ginkgo biloba, ginseng and St. John's wort are examined. Nachtigal 2005


The ID50 values of 22 xanthones from Guttiferae plants on exogenous platelet activating factor (PAF)-induced hypotension were greater than that of ginkgolide B (BN-52 021), a natural PAF-antagonist from the Ginkgo biloba. Oku 2005


The preparations of Ginkgo biloba contain various chemical constituents, and have activities of relaxing blood vessel, oxidation, improving learning and memory. [Article in Chinese] Pan 2005


The retention time of the memory-enhancing herbal extract Yukmijihwang-tang and its derivative group was significantly delayed (ca. 100%), whereas with Ginkgo biloba and Soya lecithin treatment, this was only delayed 20% and 10%, respectively. Rho 2005


It is shown that thermal trauma-induced oxidative damage in hepatic and renal tissues is protected by the administration of Ginkgo biloba extract, with its antioxidant effects. Sakarcan 2005


It is indicated that cardiac ionic channels contributing to the pacemaking are highly sensitive to Ginkgo biloba extract and bilobalide, which can sufficiently modify the spontaneous activity in rat sino-atrial nodal cells. Satoh 2005


Reactive oxygen metabolites play a causal role in I/R-induced renal injury and Ginkgo biloba extract exerts renoprotective effects probably by the radical scavenging and antioxidant activities. Sener 2005


The neuroprotective effect of widely used cognition-enhancing drugs, such as tacrin, memantine, dimebon, N-acethylserotonine, and extract of Gingko biloba, may also be a result of their interaction with mitochondria. [Article in Russian] Shevtsova 2005


The effect of three herbal extracts, Hypericum perforatum, Ginkgo biloba L. and Apocynum venetum L., and their components on lipid hydroperoxide-induced oxidative stress in PC-12 cells was examined. Shirai 2005


With the exception of ethanol extract of Hyptis fasciculata, the remainder four extracts including Copernicia cerifera exhibited a DPPH radical scavenging activity higher than that obtained from Ginkgo biloba, a reference plant with well documented antioxidant activity. Silva 2005


Ginkgetin inhibits cyclooxygenase-2 dependent phases of prostaglandin D(2) (PGD(2)) generation in bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMC) in a concentration-dependent manner with IC(50) values of 0.75 microM. Son 2005


The in vivo dynamic behavior of ginkgolide B, a terpene lactone constituent of the Ginkgo biloba extracts, in the living animal was visualized by positron emission tomographic (PET) imaging using a GB analogue labeled with the positron emitter (18)F. Suehiro 2005


[Protective effects of Ginkgo biloba extract 761 against glutamate-induced neurotoxicity in cultured retinal neuron.] Wang 2005


Ginkgolide B effects a increase in protein kinase A activation, which subsequently enhances the Ca2+ entry through voltage-dependent N- and P/Q-type Ca2+ channels to cause a increase in evoked glutamate release from rat hippocampal nerve terminals. Wang 2005


Quercetin (main representative of flavonol class, found at high concentrations in onions, apples, red wine, broccoli, tea & Ginkgo biloba) influences some carcinogenesis markers & has small effects on plasma antioxidant biomarkers in vivo, although some studies failed to find this effect. Williamson 2005


The potential of three top-selling herbal products, Ginkgo biloba, Echinacea purpurea, and Serenoa repens to inhibit the in vitro enzymatic activity of three of the most important drug metabolizing enzymes, cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4, 2D6, and 2C9 was studied. Yale 2005


It is the first evidence that Extract of Ginkgo biloba EGb 761 can enhance fear memory formation rather than serve as an anti-stress buffer. Yang 2005


Ginkgo biloba extract and flavone & vitamin E showed statistically significant beneficial effects in Hallervorden-Spatz syndrome & pantothenate-kinase-associated neurodegeneration. Yang 2005


Ginkgo biloba extract is capable of reducing serum hyperlipidemia,the concentration of Advanced Glycosylation end-products, thus it can reduce the impairment of the oxidants to endothelium cells of vessels and improve pathological and functional change of artery of diabetes. [Article in Chinese] Ye 2005


A study was carried out to verify whether alpha-2 adrenergic activity is involved in the facilitative effects of extract of Ginkgo biloba on prefrontal cognitive function and its actions were confirmed to be related to alpha-2-adrenoceptors. Zhang 2005


Extract of Ginkgo biloba can markedly reduce the injury of nerve cell in the transitional zone, alleviate rat cerebral injury, and decrease ICAM-1 and mRNA expression and neutrophils infiltration. [Article in Chinese] Zhang 2005


Ginkgo biloba leaf extract can protect normal human epidermal keratinocytes from trichloroethylene-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis, which may be associated with the superoxide scavenging effect and enhancement of antioxidant enzyme activities. Zhu 2005


The leaf extract of Ginkgo Biloba L. inhibits the oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced production of fibronectin probably through inhibitory effects on ROS generation and SP-1 activation in rat mesangial cells. Akiba 2004


This is the first report which describes the presence of a serotransferrin precursor protein homolog belonging to transferrin family & sharing epitopes with melanotransferrin in adrenal, its induction by ACTH & sensitivity to ginkgolide B, the purified component from Ginkgo biloba extract. Amri 2004


Nanomolar concentrations of ginkgolides protect neurons against otherwise toxic effects of amyloid-beta1-42 or sPrP106. They also prevented neurotoxicity of platelet activating factor (PAF) & reduced production of prostaglandin E2 in response to PAF amyloid-beta1-42 or sPrP106. Bate 2004


Ginkgo biloba extract significantly can suppress proliferation and increase cytotoxicity in HepG2 and Hep3B cells and it can also decrease proliferating cell nuclear antigen and increase p53 expression in HepG2 cells. Chao 2004


The effects of Ginkgo biloba extract and its main functional constituents, terpene lactones, flavonol glycosides and aglycones, on the chemotaxis and PKG activity of ciliates, were systematically investigated. Chen 2004


Incubation of isolated human mononuclear cells with Ginkgo biloba extract dose & time dependently increased number of endothelial progenitor cells, maximum at 25 mg/L, 24 hours & it also promoted endothelial progenitor cells proliferative, migratory, adhesive, & in vitro vasculogenesis capacity. Chen 2004


An appropriate scale screening with Ginkgo extraction: substance A:B:C = 100:20:50:0.01 was developed in according to verified pharmacological experiments with uniform optimized experimental design and orthogonal optimized experimental design. Chun-Hong 2004


The article reviews the effects of the feverfew, ginkgo biloba, garlic, ginseng, and ginger, valerian, kava, St. John's wort, ephedra and echinacea. Ciocon 2004


The terpenoidic fraction of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb761 inhibited only CYP2C9 (Ki = 15 +/-6 microg/mL) whereas the flavonoidic fraction of EGb761 showed high inhibition of CYP2C9, CYP1A2, CYP2E1, and CYP3A4 (Ki's between 4.9 and 55 microg/mL). Gaudineau 2004


The damage of tissues can be lowered by the application of a mixture of antioxidants, the most important are vitamin C, A, E, glutathione, selenium, carnosine, eventually bioflavonoids and ginkgo biloba. [Article in Czech] Holecek 2004


A study was conducted to evaluate whether extent of reperfusion-induced inhibition of protein synthesis initiation as well as tissue injury can be reduced by Tanakan (Ginkgo extract) in rats which showed that protective effect was observed, in both protein synthesis & of surviving neurons. Hrehorovska 2004


A proper concentration of Ginkgo biloba (10-50 microg/mL) promoted seeding efficiency of Schwann cells in a tissue-engineered poly(DL-lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) conduit for peripheral nerve regeneration. Hsu 2004


Using the two-electrode voltage clamp methodology, ginkgolides A, B, and C, the diterpene trilactones were found to be moderately potent antagonists at recombinant human alpha(1)beta(2)gamma(2L) GABA(A) receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Huang 2004


The effects of Ginkgo biloba L leaves (EGB761) on oxidation of human low density lipoproteins induced by Fe2+ or Cu2+ in vitro was studied & it was found that EGB761, ginkgo flavonids and ginkgo terpenlactones are effective antioxidant & the anti-oxidation vary with time. [Article in Chinese] Huang 2004


The effects of extracts from leaves of Ginkgo biloba L., ginkgo flavonoids and ginkgo terpenlactones on the oxidation of human plasma low density lipoproteins (LDL) induced by Fe2+ or Cu2+ were compared. [Article in Chinese] Huang 2004


40 new ginkgolide derivatives have been prepared in good to high yields on milligram scales and investigated for their antagonistic properties at homomeric alpha 1 glycine receptors, thus providing the first structure-activity relationship study of ginkgolides at glycine receptors. Jaracz 2004


Ginkgo biloba extract competitively inhibited rat hepatic microsomal CYP1A activity, but the effect was not due to ginkgolides A, B, C, or J, bilobalide, kaempferol, quercetin, isorhamnetin, or the respective flavonol monoglycosides or diglycosides. Kuo 2004


The effect of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) was studied in rat hearts submitted to ischemia/reperfusion and the EGb 761, by lowering ROS produced during ischemia, challenges nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB. Kusmic 2004


Co-administration of Ginkgo biloba extract and selegiline, a selective MAO-B inhibitor, produces significant neuroprotective effects via suppression of oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction without affecting neurological function. Kwon 2004


The effect of two major ginkgolides, A and B, on beta-amyloid peptide-modulated acetylcholine (ACh) release from hippocampal brain slices was carried out. Lee 2004


Preservation of cellular energy metabolism during cerebral ischemia and after restoration with reperfusion may contribute to the neuroprotective effects of Ginkgo biloba extract and FK506. Lin 2004


A competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for ginkgolic acids (GAs) was developed using monoclonal antibody (MAb) 9F raised against 6-(13-formylheptyl) salicylic acid covalently coupled to bovine serum albumin. Loungratana 2004


Administration of Ginkgo biloba extract improved CCl(4)-induced liver fibrosis, which is attributed to its effect of inhibiting the expression of tissue inhibitor-1 of metalloproteinase and promoting the apoptosis of hepatic stellate cells. Luo 2004


It is suggested that Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761) neuroprotective effect might be mediated by its well-known antioxidant activity, which might also influence caspase-3 activation. Inhibition of capase-3 induced by EGb 761 and vitamin E does not seem to contribute to their observed protective action. Massieu 2004


The effects of ginkgolide B on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)--induced TNFalpha production in mouse peritoneal macrophages and NF-kappaB activation in rat pleural polymorphonuclear leukocytes was studied. [Article in Chinese] Nie 2004


It is indicated that Ginkgo biloba extract and its major components had the weak estrogenic activities through the estrogen response pathway by an interaction with the ER. Oh 2004


Review on five selected herbal alternative medicines including Ginkgo biloba, kava-kava, ginseng, valerian, revealed several potential effects of herbal alternative medicines upon electroconvulsive therapy outcome. Patra 2004


Ginkgolide B significantly shortened APD in a concentration-dependent manner which mainly due to increase of potassium current in guinea pig ventricular myocytes. Qi 2004


The inhibition of VEGF-induced permeability by extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGb) suggests that EGb may have important clinical applications in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Qiu 2004


It is suggested that EGb761 supplements in C-57 black mice may be effective in reducing monoamine oxidase activity as well as enhancement in dopamine metabolism, thereby preventing 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium-neurotoxicity. Rojas 2004


It is demonstrated that irrespective of administration time, Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) significantly reduced thiobarbituric acid reactive substance levels in the erythrocytes of control and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficient patients subjected to oxidative stress. Sarikcioglu 2004


Effects of constituents from Ginkgo biloba extract on action potentials & ionic currents in guinea pig ventricular cardiomyocytes were investigated using whole-cell & current-clamp techniques which revealed that these constituents produce actions on APD & underlying ionic currents in cardiomyocytes. Satoh 2004


Ginkgo biloba extract and the constituents produce effective electropharmacological actions in the cardiomyocytes and cause vasodilation, mainly due to the inhibitions of Ca2+ influx through the Ca2+ channel and the activation of NO release in the endothelium and aortic vascular muscles. Satoh 2004


Terpene trilactones are believed to be partly responsible for the neuromodulatory properties of Ginkgo biloba extracts, and several biological effects of the terpene trilactones have been discovered in recent years. Stromgaard 2004


Ginkgolide B, a constituent of the tree Ginkgo biloba, was radiolabeled with the beta-emitter tritium ([(3)H]) in two steps from ginkgolide C & the tritiated ginkgolide was found to be an important tool for studying neuromodulatory properties of ginkgolides. Stromgaard 2004


29 natural products containing Ginkgo biloba were tested for their in-vitro capacity to inhibit the five major human cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms in human liver microsomes. von Moltke 2004


Incubation of isolated human total mononuclear cells with Ginkgo biloba extract increased the number of endothelial progenitor cell (EPC), maximum at 25 mg x L(-1), 24 hours. In addition, it promotes EPC proliferative, migratory, adhesive and in vitro vasculogenesis capacity. [Article in Chinese] Wang 2004


Combined use of Ginkgo leaf extract (EGb) & Deferoxamine (DFO) could effectively reduce ototoxicity of cisplatin (CDDP), which is better than using EGb singly & similar to that of using DFO alone. The combination could also prevent side-effect of CDDP in bone marrow inhibition. [Article in Chinese] Xu 2004


Influence of Ginkgo biloba exocarp polysaccharides on HL-60 cells proliferation and apoptosis may relate to its effects on the expression of proliferation-promotion gene c-myc and apoptosis-inhibitory gene bcl-2. [Article in Chinese] Xu 2004


Study of the influence of ginkgolic acids (GA) on human tumor cells and normal cells shows that GA had a obvious inhibitive effect on tumor cells in vitro. When the concentration was under 5.0 micrograms/ml, GA didn't influence the growth of normal cells. [Article in Chinese] Yang 2004


Study of the influence of ginkgolic acids (GA) on human tumor cells and normal cells shows that GA had obvious inhibitive effect on tumor cells in vitro. When the concentration was under 5.0 micrograms/ml, GA didn't influence the growth of normal cells. [Article in Chinese] Yang 2004


The latest progress in research on constituents and pharmacological activities of sarcotestas of Ginkgo biloba including bacteriostatic, bactericidal and pesticidal activities, antitumor and mutagenic, carcinogenic effects, etc. has been studied. [Article in Chinese] Yang 2004


The side chain of ginkgolic acid is the key functional group that possessed anti-bacterial activity. The length of Ginkgolic acid was the main effective factor of anti-bacterial activity. [Article in Chinese] Yang 2004


In aging rats, Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) treatment lowered circulating free cholesterol and inhibited the production of brain beta-amyloid precursor protein and amyloid beta-peptide. Yao 2004


Ginkgo biloba leaf extract has been reported to have antioxidatant properties, to modify vasomotor function, to reduce adhesion of blood cells to endothelium, to inhibit activation of platelets and smooth muscle cells, to affect ion channels, and to alter signal transduction. Zhou 2004


Review on recent pharmacological studies on natural products in China includes huperzine A, Ginkgo biloba extract and its active components. Zhu 2004


It is shown that nifedipine propafenone and ipriflavone inhibit the metabolism of quercetin, isorhamnetin and keampferol at different levels. [Article in Chinese] Zhu 2004


Ginkgo biloba extract could down-regulate the macrophage scavenger receptors activity in coronary heart disease patients, which was positively correlated with levels of C-reactive protein, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1. [Article in Chinese] Zhu 2004


The experimental results on the mechanism of neuroprotection induced by standardized extract of Ginkgo biloba leaves (EGb 761) and its constituents were summarized. Ahlemeyer 2003


It is suggested that some of the constituents of the non-flavone fraction of EGb 761 possess neuroprotective and anti-apoptotic capacity, and that bilobalide is the most potent one. Ahlemeyer 2003


The ginkgolide B (GKB)-activated inhibition of glucocorticoid production is due to a specific transcriptional suppression of the adrenal peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor gene and suggested that GKB might serve as a pharmacological tool to control excess glucocorticoid formation. Amri 2003


The effects of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb-76l), an anti-oxidant and platelet-activating factor antagonist, on basilar artery vasospasm in an experimental canine subarachnoid hemorrhage model was investigated. Bayar 2003


Agents that have shown to be beneficial in animal models of Parkinson's disease include creatine, coenzyme Q(10), Ginkgo biloba, nicotinamide, and acetyl-L-carnitine. Beal 2003


Vitamin D, ginkgo biloba, cannabinoids, and Padma 28 produce immunomodulatory actions and therapeutic effects in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. However, there are not enough clinical trial data or safety information to support their use in multiple sclerosis. Bowling 2003


The protective effect of bilobalide, a purified terpene lactone component of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761, (definition see editorial) and EGb 761 against ischemic injury and against glutamate-induced excitotoxic neuronal death was compared. Chandrasekaran 2003


Ginkgo biloba extract could reduce cytokine-stimulated endothelial adhesiveness by downregulating reactive oxygen species formation, nuclear factor-kappaB & activator protein 1 activation, & adhesion molecule expression in cytokine-induced monocyte/human aortic endothelial cells. Chen 2003


The inhibition of activator protein-1 signaling pathway in T cells by Ginkgo biloba provides a support for its efficacy in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and raises a therapeutic potential for this drug in activated T cell-mediated pathologies. Cheng 2003


Tests for oligomerization-blocking activity were carried out by dot-blot immunoassays and showed that neuroprotective extracts of Ginkgo biloba could inhibit oligomer formation at very low doses. Chromy 2003


Evaluation of neuroprotective effects of Ginkgo leaf extract(EGb761)in male gerbils subjected to focal cerebral ischemia produced by permanent occlusion of right middle cerebral artery showed that EGb761 group had significant reduction of infarct volume 4 & 6 mm from frontal pole by 40% & 30%. Chung 2003


Bilobalide was shown to reduce glutamate and aspartate release elicited by both high potassium-containing artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) or veratridine from mouse cortical slices. Davies 2003


In humans, Ginkgo extracts inhibit the formation of radiation-induced (chromosome-damaging) clastogenic factors and ultraviolet light-induced oxidative stress - effects that may also be associated with anticancer activity. DeFeudis 2003


It is reported that EGb 761 Ginkgo biloba extract was able to protect mitochondria from the attack of hydrogen peroxide, antimycin and Abeta. Eckert 2003


It is shown that both Ginkgo biloba extracts, EGb 761 and Cp 202 could prevent cell death in native and neuronal PC12 cells, while in neuronal PC12 cells also quercetin and E2 could reverse parkinsonism-inducing toxine 1-methyl-4-phenyl-pyridine neurotoxic effet. Gagne 2003


Ginlcgobiobal flavone from Ginkgo biloba is not only a vasodilator, but also has the effects of anti-inflammation, analgesia, lowering blood lipids, preventing senile and inhibiting tumor, treating leukaemia, regulating gene and biotransformation.[Article in Chinese] Geng 2003


Flavonoids of Ginkgo increased viability of rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells treated with hydrogen peroxide. Ginkgo biloba, Trolox and Stobadine decreased content of malondialdehyde, a product of lipid peroxidation but not effective in preventing oxygen radical-induced injury of proteins. Horakova 2003


Ginkgo biloba extract can protect damaged neurons through keeping the balance of inhibitory/excitatory amino-acids, enhancing free radicals scavengers system, and inhibiting the effect of glutamate to [Ca2+]i. [Article in Chinese] Hu 2003


Bilobalide, the sesquiterpene trilactone of Ginkgo biloba leaf extract was found to antagonise the direct action of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on recombinant alpha(1)beta(2)gamma(2L) GABA(A) receptors. Huang 2003


Many studies have suggested the beneficial antioxidant effects of antioxidant nutrients such as vitamin E, green tea extract, Ginkgo biloba extract, resveratrol and niacin in cerebral ischemia and recirculation brain injury in rodents. Ikeda 2003


The relative potency of terpene trilactones (ginkgolides and bilobalide) on glycine and GABA(A) receptors have been investigated. Both ginkgolides and bilobalide inhibit GABA(A) receptors, with bilobalide demonstrating a more potent effect. Ivic 2003


[Altitude sickness: Gingko biloba does not prevent altitude sickness.] Kenrick 2003


Bilobalide inhibits an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-induced chloride flux through glycine/GABA-operated channels, thereby preventing NMDA-induced breakdown of membrane phospholipids. Klein 2003


The antifungal activity of biflavones from Taxus baccata and Ginkgo biloba, namely amentoflavone, 7-O-methylamentoflavone, bilobetin, ginkgetin, sciadopitysin and 2,3-dihydrosciadopitysin towards the fungi Alternaria alternata, Fusarium culmorum, Cladosporium oxysporum was determined. Krauze-Baranowska 2003


The dynamic changes in energy-related metabolites in the cortex of gerbils subjected to focal cerebral ischemia after pretreatment with Ginkgo biloba extract was evaluated. Lee 2003


Oral administration of Ginkgo biloba EGb 761 (100 or 300 mg/kg/day) to pregnant dams for 5 days increased the number of hippocampal neurons (maintained in culture) of their fetuses, indicating a neurotrophic effect of the extract. Li 2003


Effects of 2 Ginkgo extracts, EGb 761 & of local Ginkgo leaf (LGb), on memory & motor functions of rats with chronic cerebral insufficiency (produced by bilateral common carotid artery ligation) was investigated which showed that both EGb 761 & LGb improved spatial memory from second week. Lin 2003


The potential neuroprotective effects of the Ginkgo biloba extract, EGb-761, and ginkgolide B, on adrenalectomy-induced cell death in the dentate gyrus was investigated. Maclennan 2003


The usefulness of mexiletine and its combination with Ginkgo biloba extract as a cerebroprotective agent in the model of experimental head injury was investigated. Menku 2003


Bilobalide and the ginkgolides have recently been shown to affect chloride conductance by interfering with the function of membrane proteins related to receptor-gated chloride channels. Muller 2003


Ginkgolide B was found to significantly inhibit platelet-activating factor - induced adhesion, chemotaxis and degranulation in rat polymorphonuclear leukocytes. [Article in Chinese] Nie 2003


Vasodilating actions of Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) and bilobalide, a main constituent, were examined using rat aorta ring strips. The vasorelaxation induced by GBE would be due to the inhibition of Ca(2+) influx through the Ca(2+) channel and the activation of NO release. Nishida 2003


The scientific literature on the central nervous system effects of Ginkgo biloba extract, with emphasis on the potential mechanisms of action was reviewed. Ponto 2003


The effects of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) on the cellular immune response of rats with immunosuppression induced by activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis were evaluated. Puebla-Perez 2003


It is believed that the beneficial effects of fish oil might be common to other agents, i.e., induce transthyretin expression, like nicotine and Ginkgo biloba extract. Puskas 2003


The effect of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 on differential gene expression in relation to its potential anti-carcinogenic, photoprotective and neuromodulatory properties was briefly described. Rimbach 2003


Long-term intake of dietary supplement like kola nut, grape, green tea & Ginkgo biloba, inducing CYP1A2 may increase incidence of colorectal cancers caused by procarcinogens activated by CYP1A2 in rapid N-acetyltransferase-2 acetylators & of lung adenocarcinoma in slow acetylators. Ryu 2003


It is indicated that even after acute administrations, Ginkgo biloba extract and bilobalide produced active actions on the APD and the ionic currents in guinea pig ventricular cardiomyocytes. Satoh 2003


The effect of Ginkgo biloba on whole brain catecholamine, serotonin and plasma corticosterone levels following 1, 2 and 4 h restraint stress using HPLC and also plasma corticosterone using luminescence spectrophotometry was investigated. Shah 2003


It is suggested that upregulation of hemeoxygenase-2 (HO-2) representing generation of carbon monoxide plays important roles in hyperthermic brain injury, and oxidative stress seems to be one of the most important signals in inducing HO-2 expression in hyperthermia. Sharma 2003


Treatment of the cells or Caenorhabditis elegans with Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 significantly attenuated the basal as well as the induced levels of H2O2-related reactive oxygen species. Smith 2003


[Response to "Molecular and cellular assessment of Gingko biloba extract as a possible ophthalmic drug", by G. Thiagarajan, S. Chandani, S. Harinarayana Rao, A.M. Samuni, K. Chandrasekaran & D. Balasubramanian [Experimental Eye Research 75 (2002) pp. 421-430].] Socci 2003


[Ginkgo biloba extract protection in acute paraquat poisoning of rat lung tissue.] [Article in Chinese] Su 2003


Pharmacological testing with cloned platelet-activating factor receptors showed ginkgolides with 7alpha-substitutents had increased affinity compared to 7beta-substituents, in particular 7alpha-chloro ginkgolide B, the most potent nonaromatic ginkgolide derivative with a K(i) value of 110 nM. Vogensen 2003


Current NCCAM projects are investigating Tai Chi exercise, hawthorn, phytoestrogens, biofeedback, Ayurvedic herbals, acupuncture, qigong, Reiki, meditation, spirituality, Ginkgo biloba, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid chelation therapy, and special diets in cardiovascular diseases. Wong 2003


Homocysteine, at pathophysiological concentrations, stimulates iNOS-mediated NO production in macrophages but Ginkgo biloba extract and its terpenoids can antagonize such stimulatory effect via antioxidation and attenuation of NF-kappaB activation. Woo 2003


The EtOAc soluble constituents of the unripe fruits of Ginkgo biloba showed motility inhibition followed by lysis of zoospores of the phytopathogenic Aphanomyces cochlioides. Begum 2002


Since multiple modes of action may apply to bilobalide, a sesquiterpene trilactone constituent of Ginkgo biloba leaf extracts, it could be useful in developing therapy for disorders involving cerebral ischemia and neurodegeneration. Defeudis 2002


It is suggested that EGb 761 may have beneficial effects upon neurogenesis in the olfactory epithelium through changing the balance between proliferation and differentiation. Didier 2002


Ginkgo biloba extract may affect cardiac function. Kubota 2002


Selective responses of three Ginkgo biloba leaf-derived constituents on human intestinal bacteria showed variable results. Lee 2002


Human neutrophil defense activities were sensitized through activation of platelet-activating factor receptors by ginkgolide B, a bioactive component of the Ginkgo biloba extract EGB 761. Lenoir 2002


Histochemical analysis of NADPH-diaphorase activity performed on segments of lumbar spinal cord in rabbit after 7 days pretreatment with Ginkgo biloba extract Tanakan, shows that it can scavenge free radicals produced during ischemia / reperfusion and may reduce reperfusion damage. Mechirova 2002


Ginkgo biloba extract significantly protected the mice from cardiotoxic effects of doxorubicin as evidenced by lowered mortality, ascites, myocardial lipid peroxidation, normalization of antioxidant enzymes, reversal of ECG changes and minimal ultrastructural damage of the heart. Naidu 2002


It is found that Ginkgo biloba extract EGb761 has protective effect on bovine vascular endothelial cells against damage induced by H O. Ren 2002


It is shown that standard Ginkgo biloba leaf extract treatments of PC12 cells prevented serum deprivation- and staurosporine-induced mitochondrial damage, & attenuated release of cytochrome c and DNA fragmentation. Smith 2002


Stably transfected HIVcat/HeLa cells preincubated with St. John's wort or Gingko biloba (Gb) extracts for 30 min, then irradiated with UV showed that in contrast to Gb, St. John's wort inhibited the UV-induced HIV gene expression in a dose-dependent manner. Taher 2002


Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761), may act as a potent inhibitor of NO production under the condition of ischemia/reperfusion, improving the recovery of postischemic cardiac function. [Article in Hungarian] Varga 2002


Ginkgo biloba may selectively inhibit intracellular calcium elevation and blunt vasopressor response in vitro. Wang 2002


It is found that treatment of the wild-type worms Caenorhabditis elegans with EGb 761, a standardized extract of Ginkgo biloba leaves, extended their median life span by 8% by counteracting oxidative stress, a major determinant of life span. Wu 2002


The anti-bacterial activity of the extract from testa of Ginkgo biloba and ginkgolic acids was studied which showed inhibition of the growth of Staphylocococus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, B. cereus and MRSA. [Article in Chinese] Yang 2002


A high vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression level was determined in U937 foam cells. Salvianolic acid B and Ginkgo biloba extract were found to inhibit VEGF expression significantly in U937 foam cells in vitro. [Article in Chinese] Yang 2002


Ginkgolic acid-induced cell death showed signs of apoptosis as well as of necrosis. Ahlemeyer 2001


Neuroprotective effects of NV-31, a bilobalide-derived compound is attributed to its antioxidative mechanism. Ahlemeyer 2001


The mechanism of Ginkgo Biloba Extract-induced HO-1 gene expression and increase in heme oxygenase activity may be related to alteration of intracellular glutathione levels. Chen 2001


Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) has protective effect on ischemia-reperfusion injury. Clostre 2001


Different preparations of Ginkgo biloba have quantitatively different actions and outline the importance of the contribution of apoptosis prevention toward their neuroprotective action. Guidetti 2001


Amide derivatives of ginkgolide A were prepared and evaluated for their in vitro ability to inhibit the PAF-induced aggregation of rabbit platelets. They showed less activities than their parent compound ginkgolide A. Hu 2001


The pharmacologic approaches used for cognitive symptoms of Alzheimer's disease include vitamin E, Ginkgo biloba, estrogen, and the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Keltner 2001


The antioxidant potential of biflavones of Ginkgo biloba could be explained by structure-related activity; hydroxy- and methyl-substitutions on the basic structure of these flavonoids played a role. Kim 2001


Ginkgo biloba extract-induced relaxation of rat aorta is associated with increase in endothelial intracellular calcium level. Kubota 2001


Ginkgo Biloba extracts may regulate nitric oxide release by changing the cell membrane potential in vascular endothelial cells. Li 2001


Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb761) treatment on glucose metabolism-related markers in streptozotocin-damaged rat brain produced beneficial effects. Loffler 2001


Evaluation of liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry of terpene lactones in plasma of volunteers dosed with Ginkgo biloba L. extracts. Mauri 2001


Due to its potent antioxidant properties and ability to enhance peripheral and cerebral circulation, ginkgo's primary application lies in the treatment of cerebrovascular dysfunctions and peripheral vascular disorders. McKenna 2001


Induction of gamma-GCS mRNA, protein and GSH may be an ubiquitous effect of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb761 in mammalian cells. Rimbach 2001


It is found that Ginkgo biloba extract relieves subarachnoid hemorrhage-induced brain ischemic damage by reversing the pathological alterations of nitric oxide. [Article in Chinese] Sun 2001


The protective and rescuing abilities of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 are not only attributable to the antioxidant properties of its flavonoid constituents but also via their ability to inhibit NO-stimulated PKC activity. Bastianetto 2000


A review of herbal medicines, including Ginkgo biloba, for psychiatric disorders concludes that evidence of efficacy is growing but chemical complexity and lack of standardization remain problems. Beaubrun 2000


The antioxidant ability of nitric oxide generated by a chemical donor, S-Nitroso-N-acetylpenicilamine and of commercially available antioxidant preparations like Ginkgo biloba, wheat and alfalfa preparations was assayed. Boveris 2000


Inhibition of type 4 phosphodiesterase by rolipram and Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) decreases agonist-induced rises in internal calcium in human endothelial cells. Campos-Toimil 2000


Ginkgo biloba extract enhances, accelerates and prolongs the activation of microglia and astrocytosis at the site of injury. Dietrich 2000


The effects of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 on circulating and cellular PUFAs may explain some of its pharmacological properties. Drieu 2000


In vitro studies using GeneChips demonstrated a promising strategy for identifying nutritional supplement induced cellular responses that may have a role in counteracting chronic human diseases. Gohil 2000


Use of calcineurin inhibitor FK506 plus Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 synergistically improves postischemic cardiac function, while reducing the incidence of reperfusion-induced VF and VT. Haines 2000


[Ginkgo biloba: a CNS enhancer.] Huber 2000


Bilobalide could prevent the decrease in respiratory activity induced by ischaemia in liver and in brain, both when glutamate/malate or succinate was used as substrate. Janssens 2000


Antioxidants and herbal extracts, including Gingko biloba (EGb 761)inhibit glutamate-induced cytotoxicity in HT-4 neuronal cells. Kobayashi 2000


Review of trials found Ginkgo biloba as safe as placebo in all cases. Efficacy was clearer in broad cognitive assessments as opposed to narrow memory tests. Le Bars 2000


The mechanisms, such as the antagonism of platelet activating factor, antioxidant and metabolic actions, and effects on neurotransmitters, whereby flavonoid and terpenoid components of Ginkgo extract produce beneficial therapeutic effects are reviewed. Logani 2000


The pharmacodynamic effect of Ginkgo biloba is likely due to a combination of platelet activating factor antagonistic effects, free radical scavenging activity and modulation of cholinergic function. Nathan 2000


Ginkgo biloba extract found to be a potentially important agent in the treatment of glaucoma. Ritch 2000


Aspirin, triflusal and Ginkgo biloba extract were associated with some stabilization of dementia progression, perhaps due to their antiplatelet effects. Roman 2000


Bilobalide prevents 4-O-methylpyridoxine (MPN) -induced reduction in GABA levels through potentiation by bilobalide of glutamic acid decarboxylase activity, and this effect of bilobalide contributes to its anticonvulsant effect against MPN-induced convulsions. Sasaki 2000


Extracts of Ginkgo biloba and Panax ginseng protect brain proteins from free radical induced oxidative damage in vitro. Siddique 2000


Ginkgo biloba extract has properties indicative of potential neuroprotective ability. Sloley 2000


Bilobalide promotes expression of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor and vascular endothelial growth factor in rat astrocytes. Zheng 2000


Ginkgo biloba extract is a mixture of compounds like flavonoids & gingkoglides, which affect metabolism of cAMP, TxA2 & Ca2+ in platelets is effective in inhibition of platelet aggregation, both in platelet-rich plasma & whole blood, and thus may be used as an effective oral anti-platelet agent. [No authors listed] 1999


Ginkgo biloba extract EGb and some of its constituents possess anti-apoptotic capacity and bilobalide is the most potent constituent. Ahlemeyer B, Mowes A, Krieglstein J


Study of constituents of Ginkgo biloba etract EGb761 on apoptosis in rat cerebellar granule cells induced by hydroxyl radicals showed varied effects. Chen 1999


Ginkgo biloba extract has an inhibitory effect on the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in endothelial cells. Cheung 1999


Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 shows promise in slowing the progression of Alzheimer's disease. Clostre 1999


Insulin-like growth factor Gingko biloba extract IGF-I and EGb761 are not only able to protect but even to rescue neurons against A beta toxicity. Dore 1999


Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 protects liver mitochondria against injury induced by in vitro anoxia/reoxygenation. Du 1999


Discussion of the pharmacology, precautions, therapeutic uses, and adverse effects of ginkgo biloba, St. John's wort, saw palmetto, and soy. Glisson 1999


Antioxidant property of Ginkgo extract make it useful candidate for protection of the skin against free radicals. Hibatallah 1999


Review of the pathological mechanisms responsible for neurodegeneration found that only the use of acetylcholine inhibitors: tacrine, donepezil and Gingko Biloba as well as nimodipine improved mental functions (MMSE screening). Kieszek 1999


The antioxidant activity of Ginkgo biloba makes it suitable for the prevention of human disease in which free radicals play an important role. Lugasi 1999


Ginkgo biloba extract GbE protected the cardiomyocyte against H2O2 injury, the protective action was attributed to its antiperoxidative effect. Niu 1999


St. John's wort, ginkgo, and echinacea at high concentrations damage reproductive cells. Ondrizek 1999


Ginkgo biloba extract with arginine and magnesium can improve the dynamics of cutaneous trophism in lesions caused by diabetic and non-diabetic microangiopathy. Pepe 1999


Bilobalide induces enhancement of excitability of CA1 pyramidal neurons, which involves, in part, a reduction in GABAergic inhibition in rat hippocampus. Sasaki 1999


Ginkgo biloba inhibits hydrogen peroxide-induced activation of nuclear factor kappa B in vascular endothelial cells and may be effective for the prevention or treatment of atherosclerosis and similar disorders. Wei 1999


Bilobalide inhibited glutamatergic excitotoxic membrane breakdown both in vitro and in vivo, an effect relevant to the treatment of brain hypoxia and/or neuronal hyperactivity. Weichel 1999


The inhibition of Ginkgo biloba extract GbE on on adhesion of monocytes and neutrophils to cultured cerebral microvascular endothelial cells, was mediated through the suppression of E-selection expression. Xu 1999


Ginkgo biloba leaf extract shows very strong scavenging action on free radicals, useful for the treatment of diseases related to the production of free radicals: ischemic heart disease, cerebral infarction, chronic inflammation, and aging. Yoshikawa 1999


Suppressive effect of Ginkgo biloba extract is specific on platelet aggregation stimulated by oxidative stress, and similar to the mechanism related to its protective effect upon cerebral or myocardial injuries. Akiba 1998


Ginkgo biloba extract with troxerutine and heptaminol inhibits hypoxia induced neutrophil adherence to endothelium of human veins Arnould 1998


Ginkgo biloba extract GbE protected endothelial cells against LPC-induced damage due to reduction in lipid peroxidation and facilitation of synthesis and/or release of epoprostenol. Chen 1998


Extract of ginkgo biloba leaves EGb exerts cardiovascular protection against DPPH-impaired cardiac contraction in rabbit isolated heart and endothelium-dependent relaxation in the aortic ring of rabbit in vitro. Chen 1998


EGb 761 (50 or 100 mg/kg p.o. daily for 14 days) reduced basal corticosterone secretion and the subsequent increase in gene expression of CRH and AVP (hypothalamic neurohormones) Marcilhac 1998


Stoichiometric and kinetic studies with Ginkgo biloba extract and related antioxidants Shi 1998


The review focuses on the expression of growth-associated protein (GAP-43), and the pharmacological effects of extract of Ginkgo biloba(EGb 761) during the course of vestibular compensation. [Article in Chinese] Sun 1998


EGb 761 or ginkgolide B reduced ACTH-stimulated corticosterone production and expression of the 17kD peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (which is associated with cholesterol transport and lower circulating corticosterone levels.) Amri 1997


Leaf extract from Ginkgo (Egb) is more potent than ginsenosides at vascular relaxation. Activity is countered by arginine. Nitric oxide pathway appears to be involved Chen 1997


In retinal Muller (glial) cells, EGb 761 reduced the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and reduced light damage induced nuclear organization Grosche 1997


Flavonoids from Ginkgo (ginkgolide, bilobalide,quercetin, kaempferol, sciadopitysin, ginkgetin, isoginkgetin) stimulate proliferation of human skin fibroblasts and increase production of collagen and extracellular fibronectin Kim 1997


Hypoxia induced phospholipid hydrolysis is suppressed by bilobalide (from Ginkgo biloba), EC50 0.38 microM, but not by a mixture of ginkgolides. Confirmed ex vivo by 2-20 mg/kg 1 h prior to preparation Klein 1997


EGb 761 inhibited nitrite and nitrate production induced by lipopolysaccharide in macrophages with an IC50 of about 100 microgm/mL. NF-kappa B DNA binding was not inhibited Kobuchi 1997


EGb 761 lowers malondialdehyde (indicator of lipid peroxidation) in red blood cells from Behcet's patients and controls Kose 1997


Radical scavenging activity order: for hydroxyl - green tea extract, Pycnogenol, Ginkgo (EGb 761), flavonoid blend; for superoxide - Ginkgo EGb 761, pycnogenol, beta-catechin, tea and BioNormalizer Noda 1997


Superoxide (O2-) and hydroperoxyl radicals (HO2) in DMSO are neutralized by terpene lactone ginkgolides B, C and J and bilobalide and by ginkgolide M from the roots but not by the lactone ginkgolide A Scholtyssek 1997


EGb 761 or Superoxide Dismutase gave a dose-dependent reduction in oxygen free radical production in ischemic reperfused retina cells Szabo 1997


Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb761) attenuated neuronal injury induced by verapamil, the calcium channel blocker Zhu 1997


Ginkgolide decreases glucocorticoid resulting in increased ACTH release which induced steroidogenic acute regulatory protein. It also reduced adrenal peripheral benzodiazepine receptor resulting in decreased corticosteroid synthesis Amri 1996


EGb761, a radical scavenger, protects retinal pigmented epithelial cells against peroxynitrite injury Behar-Cohen 1996


Platelet activating factor (PAF) reduction, by a Ginkgo extract (BN 52020), decreased vascular escape and tachyphylaxis of kidney Ferreira 1996


Ginkgo biloba extract enhances radiation effect on tumors without increasing damage to normal tissue Ha 1996


Pretreatment of Jurkat T cells with 10 microgm/ml EGb 761 suppresses phorbol stimulated AP-1 DNA activation and c-fos mRNA expression Mizuno 1996


100 micrograms/ml EGb protected cerebellar neuronal cells against hydroxyl radical induced apoptosis (cell death) and DNA fragmentation Ni 1996


A ginkgo extract relaxes corpus cavernosal tissue which has the potential of benefiting male impotence if a more potent fraction can be found Paick 1996


Ginkgo extract for 3 months attenuates muscle enzyme changes resulting from oxygen starvation Punkt 1996


Ginkgo extract EGb 761 at 25 and 50 mg/kg improved cardiac function after ischaemia Tosaki 1996

        

Superoxide scavenging and antiproliferative effect of Ginkgo biloba extract on serotonin-induced mitogenesis, DNA synthesis and hyperplasia--Lee, Sheu-Ling; Wang, Wei-Wei; Lanzillo, Joseph; Gillis, C. Norman; Fanburg, Barry L.. Biochem. Pharmacol 56(4):527-33 1998 CA: 129(17)221060d

        

Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 501, an antioxidant, blocks both the elevated superoxide, O2.-, and the proliferative influences of serotonin on artery smooth muscle cells--Biochem Pharmacol 1998 Aug 15;56(4):527-33

Analytical Chemistry 


A method was developed for extraction & quantification of 5 compounds of Ginkgo biloba. 5 ginkgo terpene trilactones: bilobalide & ginkgolides A, B, C, & J, were selected as marker compounds in LC-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-MS in -ve ionization mode. de Jager 2006


An on-line purification high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry method was successfully developed for the quantitative determination of flavonoids and terpene lactones excreted in human urine after ingesting the herbal supplement, Ginkgo biloba. Ding 2006


A reversed-phase HPLC / electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry method was developed & validated for simultaneous determination of 10 major active components in Ginkgo biloba extract including bilobalide, ginkgolides A, B, C, quercetin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin, rutin hydrate. Ding 2006


A reversed phase HPLC with evaporative light scattering detection method was developed for the quantitative determination of ginkgolide A, B, C and J and bilobalide in Ginkgo biloba solid oral dosage forms. Dubber 2006


A new capillary electrophoretic method for separation of the Ginko biloba leaf extracts components was developed and optimized by the use of experimental design and artificial neural network. Elosta 2006


A comparison of testing methods for constituents of Ginkgo biloba was performed as part of the process for determining which of the many available analytical methods was most appropriate for inclusion in the American Herbal Pharmacopoeia. Gray 2006


The procedure for sequential uniform design is illustrated through developing the fingerprint of a Ginkgo biloba extract by capillary electrophoresis (CE) with diode array detection. Ji 2006


A novel plastocyanin, which contains phenylalanine-83 was purified from the gymnosperm Ginkgo biloba L., and its complete amino acid sequence was determined. Onodera 2006


An acaricidal substance extracted from external seed coat of Ginkgo biloba L. was identified by UV (ultraviolet), IR (infrared), EI-MS (electron impact ion source mass spectrometry), (1)H NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) and (13)C NMR as 6-[(Z)-10-heptadecenyl]-2-hydroxybenzoic acid. Pan 2006


A fast RP-HPLC method was successfully applied to the analysis of flavonoid aglycones in complex natural samples, like propolis and Ginkgo biloba. Repolles 2006


A comparative study was carried out to determine some valuable phytochemical components, macro- and microelement and redox parameters in leaves of male and female Ginkgo biloba trees and in extracts made from them. Stefanovits-Banyai 2006


The HPLC fingerprints of the Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE), Ginkgo leaf extract and diphyridamole injection (GLEDI), Ixeris sonchifolia Hance (ISH) and Ixeris sonchifolia Hance injection (ISHI) were compared. [Article in Chinese] Sun 2006


HPLC fingerprint study demonstrates the consistent quality of total flavonoids of commercial extracts of ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) leaves (EGb) along with detection of adulterations. Xie 2006


An NP-HPLC method both with diode-array and electrochemical detection was developed and validated for the determination of quercetin and kaempferol, the principal active constituents in phytopharmaceuticals of Ginkgo Biloba. Aguilar-Sanchez 2005


A liquid chromatography/sonic spray ionization mass spectrometry method (LC/SSI-MS) was developed for qualitative and quantitative analyses of ginkgo terpene trilactones. Chen 2005


A comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatographic separation system based on the combination of an immobilized liposome chromatographic column and an ODS column was developed for the separation of components in Ginkgo biloba. [Article in Chinese] Chen 2005


An accurate, precise and sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric method was developed for the determination of 2 flavonol glycosides, rutin & quercitrin, together with algycone markers, quercetin, kaempferol & isorhamnetin in several Ginkgo biloba solid oral dosage forms. Dubber 2005


A liquid chromatography method with inline ultraviolet/evaporative light scattering (UV/ELS) detection for the simultaneous quantification of the terpenelactones and flavonol aglycones in a single sample of hydrolyzed Ginkgo biloba extract was reported. Gray 2005


Phytochemical investigation of Ginkgo biloba (Ginkgoaceae) has resulted in the isolation of two new biflavone glucosides & structures were determined on the basis of chemical and spectroscopic evidences. Hyun 2005


A four-step development, optimization and validation strategy for high-performance liquid chromatography fingerprints of Ginkgo biloba extract is described. Ji 2005


Some techniques for the preparative isolation of terpene trilactones, including ginkgolides (GA and GB, etc.) and bilobalide (BB), from Ginkgo biloba leaves were investigated and compared. Lai 2005


A negative ionization nanoelectrospray ionization mass spectrometry technique that simultaneously detects active components, terpenes and intact flavonol glycosides, and toxic ginkgolic acids in ginkgo products is reported. Liu 2005


HPLC method was found to be sensitive and accurate for the measurement of Ginkgo biloba exocarp polysaccharides. [Article in Chinese] Lu 2005


The biologically active secondary metabolites of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 in phytopharmaceuticals were analyzed using two simple, rapid, accurate and sensitive HPLC methods. Mesbah 2005


Medicines and food supplements based on the dry extract of the leaves of Ginkgo biloba L. were evaluated by determining the content of total flavonoids, rutin and terpene lactones by means of liquid chromatography. Saevels 2005


The high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray tandem mass spectrometry assay facilitated the rapid quantitative analysis of ginkgolides A, B, C and J and bilobalide in ginkgo dietary supplements with excellent recovery, reproducibity, accuracy and sensitivity. Sun 2005


Ginkgolides A, B, C, J, K, L and M and bilobalide are rare terpene trilactones that have been isolated from leaves and root bark of the Chinese tree Ginkgo biloba and they were found to be potent and selective antagonists of platelet activating factor. van Beek 2005


A fingerprint chromatogram of a standardized Ginkgo biloba extract is developed on a monolithic silica column using a ternary gradient containing water, iso-propanol and tetrahydrofuran. van Nederkassel 2005


A rapid and simple method using accelerated solvent extraction and solid-phase extraction cleanup was developed and validated for the determination of 15 organophosphorus pesticides in ginkgo leaves by capillary gas chromatography with flame photometric detection. Yi 2005


Samples of herbal medicine including 15 samples of Ginkgo biloba, 13 of Maytenus ilicifolia, etc. which are used in Brazil were analyzed, after nitric digestion, for the content of cadmium, mercury and lead, by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Caldas 2004


A method has been developed for measuring ginkgolide A, B, and bilobalide in ginkgo biloba L. extracts by using a self-assembled microdialysis device coupled on-line to high-performance liquid chromatography. Chiu 2004


1H-NMR spectrometry was applied to the analysis of the total content of ginkgolic acids in leaves of Ginkgo biloba and in six types of commercial Ginkgo products in the absence of chromatographic purification. Choi 2004


Four ginkgolides (GA, GB, GC, GJ) and bilobalide (BB) from both the ginkgo leaves and commercially available ginkgo extracts were quantitatively extracted by using RP-HPLC based on the theory of terpene trilactones ionization. The recovery rate of the method was 97.5-100% with RSD of 1.2-2.8%. Ding 2004


A suitable validated high-performance liquid chromatographic - photodiode array detection method was developed to identify and quantitate five relevant flavonol marker compounds and was successfully used to assay some commercially available solid oral dosage forms of Ginkgo biloba. Dubber 2004


A new method of HPLC analysis was established to determine both the serum levels of 4-O-methylpyridoxine (MPN) in 5 patients with Ginkgo biloba seed poisoning and the levels of free-form MPN in such seeds obtained in 8 regions of Japan. Hori 2004


An efficient and rapid protocol for separation of individual ginkgolides A, B, C & J and bilobalide from Ginkgo biloba extracts have been developed. Jaracz 2004


Sample preparation procedures for determination of ginkgo terpene trilactones in various sample matrixes were developed and the identities of target compounds in ginkgo leaves and drink samples were confirmed by LC/electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. Lang 2004


Prolyl endopeptidase activity-guided fractionation and column chromatography of the MeOH extracts of Ginkgo biloba leaves resulted in the isolation of prolyl endopeptidase inhibitors 6-(8'Z-pentadecenyl)salicylic acid and 6-(10'Z-heptadecenyl)salicylic acid. Lee 2004


HPLC method was found to be feasible to purify polyprenol from leaves of Ginkgo biloba L. and could increase the purity of polyprenol obviously. [Article in Chinese] Li 2004


A newly developed 1H NMR method enables the simultaneous analysis of terpene trilactones and flavonols of Ginkgo biloba and allows simple, rapid quantification of these compounds in pharmaceutical Ginkgo preparations. Li 2004


An easy and efficient protocol was developed for isolating good-quality total RNA from various tissues including fruits, leaves, stems, and roots of ancient gymnosperm species, taxus and ginkgo. Liao 2004


Determination of the ginkgolide A, B, C content of 10 batches of total lactone of ginkgo (TLG) raw material by RP-HPLC-ELSD showed that the content of GA, GB and GC were different but TLG very high (all > 90%). [Article in Chinese] Liu 2004


The total phenolics and antioxidant activities of fenugreek, green tea, black tea, grape seed, ginger, rosemary, gotu kola, and ginkgo extracts, vitamin E, and tert-butylhydroquinone, were determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method. Rababah 2004


The ginkgolides in "Lu Kang Yin Xing Ye Pian" were identified by TLC & flavones, ginkgolides and ginkgolic acids were determined by HPLC. This method was proved to be accurate and able to be applied for the quality control of this preparation. [Article in Chinese] Tao 2004


The molecular weight of purified alpha-mannosidase from developing Ginkgo biloba seeds was estimated to be 120 kDa by SDS-PAGE in presence of 2-mercaptoethanol, & 340 kDa by gel filtration, indicating that Ginkgo alpha-mannosidase may function in oligomeric structures in plant cell. Woo 2004


An accurate simple HPLC-DAD method was established for the determination of the fingerprint of tablets of Ginkgo biloba and used for the quality control of its preparations. [Article in Chinese] Xu 2004


A valuable procedure is described for the preparation of (S)-dolichol and (S)- nor dolichol starting from the polyprenyl fraction extracted from Gingko biloba integer or exhausted leaves. Bizzarri 2003


1H-NMR spectrometry was applied to the quantitative analysis of the bilobalide, ginkgolides A, B, and C in Ginkgo biloba leaves and six kinds of commercial Ginkgo products without any chromatographic purification. Choi 2003


A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of seven major chemical markers (bilobalide, ginkgolides A, B, C, kaempferol, quercetin and isorhamnetin) in phytopharmaceuticals of Ginkgo biloba L. Deng 2003


The free radical scavenging activity of different extracts from Ginkgo biloba leaves, has been determined by electron paramagnetic resonance using the DPPH radical scavenging method. Ellnain-Wojtaszek 2003


A novel HPLC-UV method, developed by the use of HPLC-APCI-MS HPLC-DAD techniques and allowing the identification of ginkgolic acids and related phenols, is described. Fuzzati 2003


Successful application of information theory with modification to simulated chromatographic fingerprints together with real herbs like Rhizoma chuanxiong & Ginkgo biloba from different sources showed that proposed method to determine chromatographic fingerprints was reliable. Gong 2003


A rapid and economic semi-synthetic preparation of amentoflavone have been developed from biflavones isolated from autumnal Ginkgo biloba leaves. Hanrahan 2003


A RP-HPLC method with evaporative light scattering detection (ELSD) was developed for the determination of ginkgolides and bilobalide in Ginkgo biloba L. extract injections & the recovery of the method was between 98.3 and 102.1%. Tang 2003


A sensitive, simple and accurate reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography was applied to determine quercetin and kaempferol after orally administrated tablet of Ginkgo biloba extract in human urine. Wang 2003


A high performance liquid chromatographic method was found to be accurate, fast, simple, and can be used for determination of ginkgolic acids in Ginkgo biloba extract and its preparations. [Article in Chinese] Wu 2003


The technology of supercritical CO2 fluid extraction for ginkgolic acids in the epicarp of Ginkgo biloba L. was studied. [Article in Chinese] Yin 2003


Ginkgolic acids (GA) from exopleura of Ginkgo biloba was isolated and to analysed by using HPLC & the average recovery of GA was 97.50% with RSD of 1.70%. [Article in Chinese] Zhang 2003


[Novel atoxic method of flavonoid extraction from Ginkgo biloba leaves.] Zhang 2003a


A simple, fast and accurate method was developed for assaying Ginkgo flavones in rat hepatical microsome using HPLC. [Article in Chinese] Zhu 2003


Three new compounds were isolated from Ginkgo biloba, together with 27 known compounds. The structures of the new compounds were determined primarily from 1D- and 2D-NMR analysis. Bedir 2002


Capillary gas chromatography was used for the quantitative identification of bilobalide and the main ginkgolides (ginkgolide A, B, and C) of Ginkgo biloba. The retention indices of these compounds were also determined. Gogos 2002


A liquid chromatographic-electrospray mass spectrometric method was developed for the determination of ginkgolides and bilobalide and applied to the analysis of 26 commercial ginkgo products, revealing large variations in the composition and concentrations of ginkgolides and bilobalides. Li 2002


Six kinds of elements of selenium, germanium, copper, zinc, iron and manganese in the digested solution of 3 herbs including Ginkgo biloba were determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. [Article in Chinese] Liang 2002


By the characteristic and reproducible combinative method of fingerprint spectrums, the ultraviolet spectrum group draft of EGB761 was depicted. [Article in Chinese] Liu 2002


A simple pre-treated method and high performance liquid chromatographic method for separation and determination of ginkgolic acids in Ginkgo biloba leaves. [Article in Chinese] Yang 2002


The total flavonoid content and anti-free radical activity the bamboo leaf are comparable with the leaf of ginkgo biloba, which is a kind of potential resources for natural antioxidant and free radical scavenger. [Article in Chinese] Zhang 2002


The contents of amino acids and 10 kinds of vitamins in ginkgo biloba leaves were analyzed via HPLC and the results shows that it contains 92.26 mg amino acids per gram leaves & the rate of essential amino acids amount to total amino acids amount is 46.9%. [Article in Chinese] Chen 2001


A convenient and reliable analytical method has been firstly achieved for the quantification of ginkgolic acids from Ginkgo biloba leaves by reversed-phase argentation high performance liquid chromatography. He 2001


An excellent reverse phase argentation high performance liquid chromatographic method for separation of homologous with different carbon atom numbers and double bond was useful for the quality control of extract of Ginkgo biloba leaves. [Article in Chinese] He 2001


Fluorophotometric thin-layer chromatography of ginkgo terpenes by postchromatographic thermochemical derivatization demonstrated a fluctuation of individual total terpenes among replicate samples, casting doubt on the consistency of their pharmacological and clinical efficacy. Peishan 2001


The trace constituents in total ginkgolide from leaves of Ginkgo biloba was analyzed by LC/DAD/ESI/MS combination technology and 2 compounds were identified as 1, 10-dihydroxy-3, 14-didehydro-ginkgolide and 10-hydroxy-3, 14-didehydro-ginkgolide, named as ginkgolide K and L,. [Article in Chinese] Wang 2001


The sequence of GAFP, an antifungal peptide from Ginkgo biloba leaves, show cysteine/glycine-rich chitin binding domain. Huang 2000


Ethyl acetate fraction of Ginkgo biloba leaf extract, purified by HPLC, was shown to have antimicrobial activity against Enterococcus faecalis 31. Mazzanti 2000


Liquid chromatography analysis of ground Ginkgo biloba seeds, extracted in boiling water for 2h, showed high ginkgotoxin levels. Scott 2000


Ginkbilobin, a novel antifungal protein from Ginkgo biloba seeds, was isolated using various chromatography methods and gel filtraton. Wang 2000


A new rapid analytical method was developed for the quantification of terpene lactones (bilobalide(BB) and ginkgolide A, B, C, J) in extract of Ginkgo biloba L. using a liquid-liquid solvent extraction procedure followed by high performance liquid chromatography. Wang 2000


High performance liquid chromatography analysis shows that the contents of flavonoids in the leaves of Ginkgo biloba, gathered from different producing areas are different, but in those gathered from Pizhou, Zheng'an Xing'an, Anlu, etc. of China appear higher. [Article in Chinese] Wang 2000


Ten phenolic compounds found in chloroform extract of Ginkgo biloba sarcotestas inhibit phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase Cgamma1 (PI-PLCgamma1) and cancer cells. Activities are decreased by acetylation Lee 1998


Counter-current chromatographic separation of isorhamnetin, kaempferol and quercetin from crude flavone aglycones of Ginkgo Yang 1998


HPLC indicates free phenolic acids 19.7 ug/g of fresh leaves, 345.3 ug/g of roots and 2.7 ug/g of seed testas. Proto-catechuic acid is dominant Ellnain-Wojtaszek 1997


The content of total saccharides in exocarp of Ginkgo biloba was 89.7%; content of polysaccharides was 84.6%; content of reductic saccharides was 5.1%. [Article in Chinese] Song 1997


14-Methylhexadecanoic (14-MHD) acid found by GLC/MS in Ginkgo and Pinus, animals and microorganisms; but not Taxus, Juniperus, Sciadopytis. Wolff 1997


Review: flavonoids interesting as radical scavengers and ginkgolides (terpenes) as inhibitors of platelet activating factor [Article in German] Z'Brun 1995

        

Institute for Nutraceutical Advancement

        

A validated method for detecting Flavonol Glycosides in Ginkgo Biloba, by HPLC. Institute for Nutraceutical Advancement

        

HPLC chromatogram of Flavonol Glycosides in Ginkgo Biloba. Institute for Nutraceutical Advancement

        

A validated method for determining Ginkgoterpenoids in Ginkgo Biloba, by HPLC. Institute for Nutraceutical Advancement

        

HPLC chromatogram of Ginkgoterpenoids in Ginkgo Biloba. Institute for Nutraceutical Advancement

Pharmacokinetics (ADME) 


The possible influence of an Ginkgo biloba extract on the bioavailability of the sodium pertechnetate and on the morphometry of some organs isolated from rats was evaluated. Moreno 2007


A novel high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectromentry method was developed for the determination of ginkgolide B in dog plasma & the assay method was successfully applied to the pre-clinical pharmacokinetic study of ginkoglide B. Hua 2006


The co-ingestion of 120 mg of Ginkgo biloba extract and 500 mg of metformin did not significantly affect the pharmacokinetic properties of metformin T2DM patients and persons without diabetes. Kudolo 2006


Examination of the effect of ergoloid mesylates (EM) and ginkgo biloba on ticlopidine pharmacokinetics shows that EM is a more potent inhibitor of organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP-B) than is ginkgo biloba, and it can reduce the oral bioavailability of drugs transported by OATP-B. Lu 2006


Oral coadministration of ginkgo & onion in rats decreased Cmax of cyclosporin (CS) by 62% & 60% & reduced AUC0-t by 51% & 68% respectively, whereas no influence was observed when CS was given i.v. This indicates that interactions between CS & ginkgo or onion occurred at absorption site. Yang 2006


The effects of the standard Ginkgo biloba extract (EGB 761) treatment on the pharmacokinetics of propranolol and its metabolism to form N-desisopropylpropranolol (NDP) in rats were investigated. Zhao 2006


Serum Pharmacology and Traditional Pharmacology, were adopted to study Chinese traditional medicine, such as Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE), ginsenosides (GS) and compound GG (GBE+GS), pharmacology in vitro. Bochu 2005


The effect of combined aqueous extracts (BHR) of Ginko biloba, Mentha arvensis var. piperascens, Citrus unshiu & Pueraria lobata var. chinensis on oral absorption of alcohol in rats was examined which showed reduced serum alcohol levels as well as reduced AUC & C(max) after pretreatment with BHR. Shin 2005


It is indicated that Ginkgo flavonols quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin were substrates of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and the P-gp type efflux pump might limit the bioavailability of Ginkgo flavonols. Wang 2005


Ginkgo biloba increased the bioavailability of diltiazem and the extract has been shown to protect against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity and gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in animals. Dubey 2004


Supplementation of extracts of Ginkgo biloba 90 mg/day for 30 days in 14 inpatients with Alzheimer's disease does not have major impact on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of donepezil. Yasui-Furukori 2004


The data on the pharmacokinetics of flavonol glycosides and terpene lactones of Ginkgo biloba is summarised. Biber 2003


Liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization ion trap mass spectrometry was applied to evaluate the bioavailibility of two different forms (free and complexed with soy phospholipids) of pure bilobalide and ginkgolide B in rats after acute administration. Mauri 2003


An open-labeled, randomized, crossover trial conducted in eight healthy human volunteers to determine if ginkgo biloba alters the pharmacokinetics of digoxin, showed no such interaction. Mauro 2003


The concomitant use of Ginkgo biloba leaf extract in rats increased the bioavailability of diltiazem by inhibiting both intestinal and hepatic metabolism, at least in part, via a mechanism-based inhibition for CYP3A. Ohnishi 2003


Quercetin and kaempferol in different period of human urine were determined by using RP-HPLC in 10 adult volunteers who were with an average age 28 years and given a single oral dose of six tablets of Ginkgo biloba extract. Wang 2003


Examination of Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) on hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes, particularly cytochrome P450 (CYP), in rats shows that excess intake of GBE induces CYP enzymes, particularly pentoxyresorufin O-dealkylase, and may modify the efficacy of drugs taken simultaneously. Umegaki 2002


A solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method to quantify quercetin and kaempferol levels in human urine after Ginkgo biloba tablet consumption is studied. Watson 1999

Genetics & Molecular Biology 


Remnants of maturase and reverse transcriptase sequences in the 2.7 kb cox2 intron of Ginkgo biloba was detected, which is the only living species of an ancient gymnosperm lineage, suggesting that the intron originally harbored a splicing factor. Ahlert 2006


A full-length cDNA encoding a dehydrin was cloned from the living fossil plant Ginkgo biloba by rapid amplification of cDNA ends, has the potential to play a role in response to abscisic acid and environmental stresses that can cause plant dehydration. Deng 2006


The cloning, characterization and functional analysis of a 2C-methyl- D-erythritol 2, 4-cyclodiphosphate synthase gene (MECPS) from ginkgo biloba would be helpful to understand more about the role of MECPS involved in the ginkgolides biosynthesis at the molecular level. Gao 2006


A full-length cDNA of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase was isolated and characterized from the gymnosperm plant species, Ginkgo biloba. Gong 2006


It is suggested that extract of Ginkgo biloba had similar effects of the neurotrophins such as NGF and BDNF in promoting the development of NOS and AChE positive neurons in the rat embryonic basal forebrain. Jin 2006


2-C-Methyl-D: -erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate synthase gene (GbMECS) involved in ginkgolide biosynthesis pathway was cloned and characterized from Ginko biloba embryonic roots, and the full open reading frame was deduced as protein consisting of 238 amino acid residues. Kim 2006


The property of cloned Chlase of Ginko biloba (GbCLH) and its location within the chloroplasts suggest that GbCLH plays a role in the turnover and homeostasis of chlorophylls in green leaves of G. biloba. Okazawa 2006


The full-length cDNA and genomic DNA sequences of flavanone 3-hydroxylase gene were isolated from Ginko biloba for the first time. Shen 2006


The full-length cDNA encoding 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase was isolated from Ginkgo biloba for the first time (designated as GbHMGR, GenBank accession number AY741133), which contained a 1713 bp ORF encoding 571 amino acids. Shen 2006


A putative anthocyanidin reductase gene from Ginkgo biloba was isolated by rapid amplification of cDNA ends and the gene is found to be composed of five exons and four introns. Shen 2006


To clarify the molecular evolution of the AP2 subfamily, the genes with two AP2 domains from 3 gymnosperms, Cycas revoluta, Ginkgo biloba, and Gnetum parvifolium,as well as from the moss Physcomitrella patens were isolated and sequenced. Shigyo 2006


It is indicated that despite the large size of ginkgo gametes and the taxonomic separation between pteridophytes and Ginkgo biloba, similar proteins in gametes of both groups perform similar functions and are therefore homologous among these plants. Vaughn 2006


Comprehensive analyses based on specific loci, similarity coefficient & clustering results, found 8 cultivars 'Fastigiata', 'Tit', 'Tubifolia', 'Daeryinxing','Variegata','Horizontalis,'Pendula'&'Yiyuanyeziyinxing' were considered important germplasms of ornamental cultivars of Ginkgo biloba. Wang 2006


Analysis of an EST dataset from Ginkgo biloba revealed genes potentially unique to gymnosperms. Brenner 2005


Tissue expression pattern analysis indicated that GbDXR expressed in all tissues including roots, stems, leaves, pericarps and seeds and lower transcription level was observed in leaves of Ginkgo biloba than that of other tissues. Gong 2005


Expressions of Ginlfy and GinNdly gene were studied by northern blotting in different organs and stages of Ginkgo Biloba. [Article in Chinese] Guo 2005


Ginkgolide B, a gene component of Ginkgo biloba tree is a potent blocker of beta subunit containing recombinant glycine receptors (GlyRs) channels and hence can be used to discriminate homo- from hetero-oligomeric GlyRs. Kondratskaya 2005


A new abscisic acid, stress and ripening gene was cloned from Ginkgo biloba by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) method. Shen 2005


Expression analysis revealed that Ginkgo biloba defensin, a novel defensin gene isolated from Ginkgo biloba, was up-regulated by wounding and methyl jasmonate treatments, suggesting that Gbd is potentially involved in plant resistance or tolerance to pathogens during wounding. Shen 2005


To make inferences about the glacial refugia that harbored Ginkgo biloba, the genetic structure of 8 potential refugial populations and plantations using chloroplast DNA with eight size variants in the trnK1-trnK2 fragment was examined. Shen 2005


To gain insight into the behavior of monolignol glucoside in Ginkgo biloba L., the glucosides potentially involved in lignin biosynthetic pathway was examined. Tsuji 2005


An improved protocol was developed to isolate total RNA in good yield and integrity from Ginkgo biloba leaves containing high levels of flavonoid glycosides, terpene lactones, carbohydrates and polyphenolic secondary metabolites. Wang 2005


It is found that the substrate specificity of Ginkgo alpha-mannosidase is significantly regulated by cobalt ions. Woo 2005


A specific effect of ginkgolides on cytochrome P-450 gene expression was observed and the Ginkgolides had various effects on different cytochrome P-450 isoforms. [Article in Chinese] Yang 2005


Genetic diversity and differentiation of nine populations of Ginkgo biloba L. (Ginkgoaceae)from China were evaluated using RAPD. Fan 2004


It has been reported for the first time the cloning of a new full-length cDNA encoding GGPPS from the living fossil plant Ginkgo biloba. Liao 2004


The effect of different concentrations of Ginkgo biloba extract on the labeling of blood constituents with technetium-99m, as sodium pertechnetate (3.7 MBq), and on the mobility of a plasmid DNA treated with SnCl2 (1.2 microg/ml) at room temperature was assessed. Moreno 2004


A chalcone synthase gene was cloned from Ginkgo biloba for the first time and it was also the first cloned gene involved in flavonoids metabolic pathway in G. biloba. Pang 2004


The cloning, characterization and functional analysis of a new cDNA encoding Farnesyl diphosphate synthase from Ginkgo biloba was reported. Wang 2004


A study of MADS-box genes in Ginkgo biloba, the unique extant representative of a whole branch of the phylogenetic tree of the seed plants was undertaken and a polymerase chain reaction survey reveals the diversity of MADS-box genes present in the genome of the Ginkgo. Jager 2003


Several herbal extracts (ginseng, Fo-Ti, white oak bark, licorice, ginkgo biloba, and black cohosh) stimulated AhR DNA binding and gene expression to levels between 20 and 60% of that produced by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Jeuken 2003


The molecular mechanism of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 on alleviating effects of oxidative stress is investigated using transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans expressing a jellyfish green fluorescent protein-tagged inducible small heat-shock protein gene (hsp-16-2). Strayer 2003


During investigations of the syncytial stage that initiates development of the female gametophyte in gymnosperms, the large (3-4 mm) female gametophyte of Ginkgo biloba was studied. Brown 2002


The nuclei of Ginkgo biloba are reticulated & contain Lacandonia granules ribonucleoprotein particle showing similarities to perichromatin & Balbiani ring granules, which are involved in nuclear mRNA metabolism & suggested that these particles may also be present in other plants. Jimenez-Ramirez 2002


Standardized extract of Ginkgo biloba leaves, bilobalide and ginkgolide A increases levels of detoxification enzymes in mouse liver. Sasaki 2002


The results of variance analyses show that there are significant differences to flavone glycosides, terpenes in clones, and the law of genetic parameters on heritability and genetic variability coefficient, is clone > sex > provenance to flavone glycosides in ginkgo leaves. [Article in Chinese] Xing 2002


In hippocampal synaptosomes Egb increased binding of [3H]hemicholinium-3 & choline uptake but no change in sodium pump activity nor second messenger effect of arachidonic acid Kristofikova 1997


Ginkgo biloba extract on the skin locally increased activity of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) Lin 1997

        

Ginkgo biloba in Mendel Plant Gene Nomenclature Database

FORMULAS/BLENDS



Contemporary Formulas 


Ginkgolide M, is an inhibitor of ligand-operated ion channels in the central nervous system, has been prepared in three steps from 10-benzylginkgolide C, an intermediate generated during the isolation and separation of ginkgolides from Ginkgo biloba leaf extract. Bolshakov 2006


The successful application of modified secured principal component regression to 2 real herbal medicines including Ginkgo biloba from various sources demonstrates that the proposed method can detect reasonably unexpected features differing from the regulars or not being modeled. Li 2006


The Glycyrrhiza glabra & Ginkgo biloba extracts alone & formulations containing these extracts showed great antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities & they may be used in topical formulations in order to protect skin against damage caused by free radical & reactive oxygen species. Di Mambro 2005


A single laboratory validation (SLV) was completed for a method to determine the flavonol aglycones quercetin, kaempferol, and isorhamnetin in Ginkgo biloba products. Gray 2005


Taking pH, disintegration time and rigidity as index, the formulation and technique of EGb effervescent tablets were optimized by orthogonal experiment, the products were prepared and its stability were tested. [Article in Chinese] Hu 2005


The method of residue analysis of a new synthesized fungicide 2-allylphenol was studied by simulating the active compound structure in Gingko tree (Gingko biloba L.) and its dissipation rate and terminal residue levels in tomato under field condition. Hu 2005


Ginkgotoxin was determined in 10 Ginkgo biloba natural health products by the simple extraction method at levels up to 181 microg/g. Lawrence 2005


In this study porous glass fiber membranes were modified by reaction with octadecyl-trichlorosilane to form C18 hydrophobic membranes and the resulting C18 hydrophobic membranes were used to adsorb terpene lactones from crude Ginkgo biloba L. extracts. Su 2005


The extracts of various polyherbal drugs exhibited dose-dependent NO scavenging activities and the potency was in the following order: abana > chyavanaprasha > triphala > geriforte > septilin > mentat > Gingko biloba. Jagetia 2004


This article deals with the production of the tincture of Ginkgo biloba leaves, Crataegus fruits and Leonurus herbs while selecting an extractant, the size of particles in a raw material and possible methods of extraction. [Article in Lithuanian] Bernatoniene 2003


The study on the formulation and technique of preparation of rapid-dissoluted EGb (Extract of Ginkgo biloba) droppills shows that the rapid-dissoluted EGb droppills can increase the dissoluting rate distinctly and reach the purpose of preparation. [Article in Chinese] Ge 2003


The relative levels of antioxidant activity in vitro in Ginkgo biloba samples (in tablet or capsule form) from different commercial suppliers was compared. Mantle 2003


The extraction technology of flavonoids from Ginkgo biloba leaves was studied & when the crude leaves used the cellulase enzyme pretreatment before extraction process, the extraction yield of total flavone was up to 2.01%. [Article in Chinese] Wang 2003


The tinctura of Ginkgo leaves was produced by percolation method, analyzed at determination of the sum of flavonoids in terms of quercetin, dry residue, and the concentration of ethanol, density, refraction index, heavy metals and microbe pollution. [Article in Lithuanian] Bernatoniene 2002


An efficient and rapid protocol has been developed for extracting ginkgolides and bilobalide (terpene trilactones) from Ginkgo biloba leaves using reversed-phase chromatography. Lichtblau 2002


Zingicomb (Zingiber:ginkgo ratio of 2.5:1) increased maze exploration while ratio of 1:1 and 1:2.5 had no effect. Addition of diazepam retarded learning the maze Hasenohrl 1998


BioGinkgo 27/7, using a method that enriches ginkgolide B, has greater bioavailability to rabbits than other extracts Li 1997


It is important to conserve Ginkgo species diversity since different subspecies may have different pharmacochemical properties Pang 1996


Platelet-activating factor induced platelet aggregation as a bio-assay agrees with gas chromatography measurement of ginkgolides [Article in German] Steinke 1993


Quality control and standardization of Ginkgo preparations with flavonoid and lactone analysis Sticher 1993


Ginkgo extract is complex product from green leaves of Ginkgo biloba trees growing in plantations in South Korea, Japan and France. It contains flavonoid substances, such as the Ginkgo-flavone glycosides and terponoids [Article in French] Drieu 1986

Folk Blends 

No Records


Patents 

        

Conduct a search on "ginkgo" or "gingko" in the title, abstract or claims section of the US patent database

        

Conduct a search on "Ginkgo biloba" in the title, abstract or claims section of the US patent database

        

Pharmaceutical compositions useful in prevention and treatment of beta-Amyloid protein-induced disease US Patent 6,887,898

        

Pressurized water extraction US Patent 6,524,628

        

Method and synergistic composition for treating attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder US Patent 6,541,043

        

Compositions containing compounds with adrenergic activity and vegetable extracts of Crataegus and gingko biloba for the treatment of overweight and obesity. US Patent 6,447,818

        

Hydroxyproline-rich proteins and pharmaceutical and cosmetic formulations containing them. US Patent 6,072,030

        

Cosmetic composition US Patent 5,468,492

OTHER INFORMATION



Pictures & Distribution Maps 

        

female Ginkgo biloba the leaves fall before the seeds. female Ginkgo biloba

        

Ginkgo biloba FRUIT

        

Ginkgo biloba seed development

        

Plant pictures by Henrietta Kress

        

Plant picture at Michael Moore

        

Two of the oldest Ginkgos outside Asia are in Europe. The tree in Utrecht (the Netherlands) is seen as one of the oldest, but the tree in Geetbets (Belgium) is thicker.... oldest Ginkgos

        

Virginia USA

Cultivation, Conservation & Ecology 


The precursors greatly influenced the productivity of bilobalide and ginkgolides in the suspension cell cultures of Ginkgo biloba. Kang 2006


The differences in pigment levels and photosynthetic activity of green sun and shade leaves of ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba L.) and beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) are described. The fan-shaped gymnosperm ginkgo leaves show the same high and low irradiance adaptation response as the angiosperm beech leaves. Sarijeva 2006


When stored at 25 degrees C, all the Ginkgo biloba seeds died in 6 months. Cold temperatures preserved seed tissue viability for 1 year but did not preserve their capability to germinate, since such capability decreased after 6 months. Tommasi 2006


A cDNA encoding a trehalose-6-phosphate synthase homologue was isolated and characterized from the living fossil plant, Ginkgo biloba, which is highly tolerant to drought and cold. Wu 2006


2-naphthoxyacetic acid stimulates elongation effectively at low concentrations in petioles of the gymnosperm Ginkgo biloba L., in hypocotyls or internodes of the dicot legumes, mung bean and pea in cotyledons of onion and in leaf bases of chive. Hossel 2005


Mixed plantations of ubiquitous adaptable species including Ginkgo biloba, Hibiscus syriacus, etc. and naturally occurring black locust will enhance the landscape through synergistic effects. Kim 2005


Cell suspension cultures of five plants including Catharanthus roseus and Ginkgo biloba, were employed to bioconvert the eudesmanolide compound, alpha-santonin. Yang 2005


The various treatments in improving height growth of Ginkgo biloba were: organic fertilizer plus intercropping > soil preparation by blasting plus intercropping > organic fertilizer > soil preparation by blasting > intercropping. [Article in Chinese] He 2004


Observation of lignifying secondary cell walls of ginkgo tracheids by field emission scanning electron microscopy suggested that lignin-hemicellulose complexes are formed as tubular bead-like modules surrounding cellulose microfibrils (CMFs) & they finally fill up the space between CMFs. Terashima 2004


Volatiles emitted by spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch-infested plants of 11 species including grapevine and ginkgo were compared. van den Boom 2004


The feasibility of developing Ginkgo biloba roots from transformed calli was shown for the first time. Ayadi 2003


Seasonal changes of nitrogen and phosphorus and their translocation from leaves of ten tree species including Ginkgo biloba, and Evodiopanax innovans in central Japan was evaluated. [Article in Chinese] Xue 2003


It is indicated that the methanol eluates from Ginkgo biloba root could significantly stimulate the spore germination and hyphal growth of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus mosseae, Gigaspora margarita), and the 80% methanol eluates had the most significant effect. [Article in Chinese] Zhang 2003


[The missing link in Ginkgo evolution.] Zhou 2003


The relations of the productivity stability of to the homogenization of Ginkgo biloba cells by single cell clones using plant single cell plate culture technique were investigated. [Article in Chinese] Dai 2000


Considered rare precious living resources are 13 Chinese medicinal herbs,including Taxus mairei, Ginkgo biloba, Gastrodia elata, Dendrobium huashanense, etc, found in the Funiu mountains area due to its special geographical position and climate. [Article in Chinese] Yang 1999

        

"Phytomedicines as a New Crop Opportunity" by Loren D. Israelsen, at NewCROP

        

"Phytomedicines as a New Crop Opportunity" by Loren D. Israelsen, at NewCROP

        

"Herbs Affecting the Central Nervous System" by Varro E. Tyler, at NewCROP

        

Distribution map and other data at PLANTS National Database

Related Links 


Scroll down index of herbs to find Folium Ginkgo within the pdf file in WHO monograph

        

Monograph printed in Alternative Medicine Review

        

Research by UNC School of Pharmacy students enrolled in the Fall 1997 course of Pharmacy 100 (Complementary and Alternative Medicines in the Community Pharmacy) compiled by Chad Bradshaw, Pharm.D Complementary and Alternative Medicine

        

Short monograph by D Hoffmann

        

Ginkgo biloba use and chemical chart at Liber Herbarum II

        

Monograph at NCCAM Herbs-at-a-Glance

        

Search for Ginkgo biloba in Dr. Duke's Phytochem and Ethnobot DB

        

Cor Kwant's The Ginkgo Pages

DYNAMIC UPDATES



Live PubMed Searches 


Ginkgo biloba and Analytical Chemistry


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Ginkgo biloba and Tissue Culture


HISTORY OF RECORD

RESEARCHED BY: Soaring Bear, Ph.D.    1998

RESEARCH UPDATED BY: Michael C. Tims, PhD. candidate    2003

REVISED BY: J Mohanasundaram, MD, PhD    December 2006


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  Among 80 patients with vestibular symptoms, 13 patients (16%) had tried some form of complementary therapy for their vestibular symptoms. Ginkgo biloba and acupuncture were the two most popular treatments. Six of the 13 patients reported that their choice of treatment(s) helped them. Baguley 2006 


  [Letter to the Editor: The effect of the ingestion of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) on the pharmacokinetics of metformin in non-diabetic and type 2 diabetic subjects-A double blind placebo-controlled, crossover study.] Blumenthal 2006 


  A 12-week, double-blind, study assessed effects of ginkgo (120 mg per day) on cognitive abilities, attention and mood in 93 healthy older adults (55-79 years) & in 104 young adults. For older adult sample, longer-term memory assessed by associational learning tasks showed improvement with ginkgo. Burns 2006 


  Ginkgo Evaluation of Memory study of Ginkgo biloba was carried out by administering 120 mg twice per day as Ginkgo biloba extract, as a 5-year, randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in prevention of dementia (and especially Alzheimer's disease) in normal elderly. DeKosky 2006 


  Review on pharmacological strategies that have been clinically studied for the primary or secondary prevention of Alzheimer's disease shows that at least 4 large prevention trials of conjugated oestrogen, selenium and vitamin E, Ginkgo biloba and statins are currently underway. Doraiswamy 2006 


  The Ginkgo Evaluation of Memory Study, a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial evaluating Ginkgo biloba to prevent dementia, successfully recruited 3072 participants age 75 years and older at four U.S. sites through Mass mailings. Fitzpatrick 2006 


  This exploratory pilot study 22 individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) showed that no adverse events or side effects were reported and that ginkgo exerted modest beneficial effects on select functional measures (eg, fatigue) among some individuals with MS. Johnson 2006 


  The ingestion of 120 mg of Ginkgo biloba Extract as a single for 3 months did not produce insulin resistance in the non-diabetic or pre-diabetic subjects or exacerbate the disease in the T2DM subjects. Kudolo 2006 


  [Effect of ginkgo biloba extract on lipid peroxidation injury in the elderly patients with chronic corpulmonale.] [Article in Chinese] Luo 2006 


  The clinical efficacy of Ginkgo biloba E.S. (Flavogin) in the dementia of the Alzheimer type, was confirmed in patients aged 50-80 years and comparable with donepezil clinical efficacy. Mazza 2006 


  This is based on the reports that in the past, several studies suggest that Ginkgo biloba could have a potential benefit effect on cognitive function and prevention of Alzheimer disease. Vellas 2006 


  Update of 2001 Cochrane evidence-based review of G. biloba for vitiligo found some evidence of short term benefit with steroids, light therapies and other treatments for vitiligo, but long term benefits and harms of treating have not yet been established. Whitton 2006 


  Ginkgo biloba special extract EGb 761, an anti-dementia drug, enhances cognitive functioning and stabilizes mood in 107 cognitively impaired elderly subjects. Woelk 2006 


  Co-administration of acetylsalicylic acid and Ginkgo biloba special extract EGb 761 does not constitute a safety risk, including in an elderly patient population undergoing treatment with EGb 761. Wolf 2006 


  Investigation of the effects of Ginko biloba extract on T lymphocyte subsets and superoxide dismutase levels in 109 schizophrenia patients shows that it may improve the decreased peripheral immune functions in schizophrenia. Zhang 2006 


  It has been suggested that extract of gingko biloba might enhance the efficiency of antipsychotic in patients with schizophrenia, particularly on positive symptoms of the disorder. Atmaca 2005 


  A preliminary open-label study was undertaken to assess the efficacy and tolerability of ginkgo biloba during a 6-month period in Alzheimer type dementia, vascular and mix dementia. [Article in Polish] Bidzan 2005 


  A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of acetazolamide vs Ginkgo biloba for acute mountain sickness prophylaxis was performed and found no evidence of similar efficacy for Ginkgo biloba. Chow 2005 


  After acute administration ginkgo improved performance in tests of attention and memory. However, there were no effects after 6 weeks, suggesting that tolerance develops to the effects in young, healthy participants. Elsabagh 2005 


  A study to determine whether cognitive benefits, of Gingko biloba in post-menopausal women, would persist even after 6 weeks & those with poorer cognitive performance would benefit more revealed that beneficial effects were limited to test of mental flexibility & to those with poorer performance. Elsabagh 2005a 


  The rate of bleeding complications is low in patients when taking any of the widely used antidementia drugs, glutamate modulators, cholinesterase inhibitors, calcium antagonists or the phytomedicine Ginkgo biloba. Gaus 2005 


  Single timepoint, phenotypic metabolic ratios were used to determine whether long-term supplementation of St John's wort, garlic oil, Panax ginseng, and Ginkgo biloba affected CYP1A2, CYP2D6, CYP2E1 or CYP3A4 activity in 12 healthy elderly subjects. Gurley 2005 


  The effects of Ginkgo biloba special extract, EGb 761, on PFA-100 in vitro bleeding time in elderly patients with mild cognitive impairment. Halil 2005 


  The effect of ginkgo extract was observed on 45 patients pulmonary interstitial fibrosis showed that occurrence of pulmonary infection was less in ginkgo treated group than that in the control group Ginkgo is effective in treating pulmonary interstitial fibrosis. [Article in Chinese] He 2005 


  The benefit and structure of Ginkgo biloba-extract EGb 761 in treatment of patients with dementia was examined which showed that Gingko produced to a higher quality of life & the progression of disease is slowed down & treatment costs are lower. [Article in German] Heinen-Kammerer 2005 


  The comparitive study of the effects of Ginkgo biloba treatment with the homeopathic remedy Vertigoheel in 170 patients with atherosclerosis-related vertigo shows that Vertigoheel is an appealing alternative to established G. biloba therapy for atherosclerosis-related vertigo. Issing 2005 


  The effect of ginkgo & ginger, on pharmacokinetics & pharmaco-dynamics(PD&PK) of warfarin & independent effect of these herbs on clotting status was investigated in 12 healthy subjects which showed that Ginkgo & ginger at recommended doses do not affect clotting status, (PD&PK) of warfarin. Jiang 2005 


  Ginkgo biloba extract was effective in partially reversing the thrombogenic coagulation profile without increasing the risk of bleeding in chronic peritoneal dialysis patients. Kim 2005 


  Ginkgo biloba extract injection is effective in treating early diabetic nephropathy through decreasing urinary albumin excretion rate, regulating blood lipids, improving renal function and hemorheology. [Article in Chinese] Lu 2005 


  A 14-day oral administration of a widely used, standardized ginkgo extract at a generally advocated dosage of 240 mg/day did not significantly alter concentrations of major circulating steroids in men and women. Markowitz 2005 


  The reviewed RCTs, systematic reviews and meta-analyses which based their findings on the results of RCTs suggest that Ginkgo biloba is effective compared with placebo for patients with intermittent claudication. Pittler 2005 


  The determination of the clinical efficacy of Ginkgo biloba extract (GbE) in mild to moderate dementia of the Alzheimer type did not show efficacy of GbE. Schneider 2005 


  The results of a meta-analysis of four recent clinical trials evaluating the homeopathic preparation Vertigoheel (VH) compared with usual therapies (betahistine, Ginkgo biloba extract, dimenhydrinate) for vertigo in a total of 1388 patients shows good efficacy and tolerability of VH. Schneider 2005 


  Two systematic clinical trials, both double-blind and placebo controlled, have yielded negative results and suggest that Ginkgo biloba extracts are of little more use in the treatment of tinnitus than a placebo. Smith 2005 


  [Ginkgo biloba and acetazolamide for acute mountain sickness: exclusion of high risk, low status groups perpetuates discrimination and inequalities.] Adams 2004 


  A most recent large trial with Ginkgo biloba clearly showed that this drug does not prevent acute mountain sickness in a low-risk setting in which acetazolamide in a low dose of 2 x 125 mg was effective. Bartsch 2004 


  Anatomical & functional changes in visual organ in children & adolescents, age between 11 & 19 years, with long lasting diabetes mellitus (DM)type 1 & taking Egb 761 as an adjuvant was evaluated which showed that Egb 761 seems to be good adjuvant in patient with long lasting DM. [Article in Polish] Bernardczyk-Meller 2004 


  The effect of the Gingko biloba extract EGb 761 on skin blood flow in 27 healthy middle-aged volunteers and accompanying changes in urinary metabolites was investigated. Boelsma 2004 


  [Ginkgo biloba and acetazolamide for acute mountain sickness: bias in participants may underestimate effectiveness of agents.] Elphick 2004 


  Evaluation of the efficacy of ginkgo biloba, acetazolamide, and their combination as prophylaxis against acute mountain sickness with 614 healthy western trekkers showed that when compared with placebo, ginkgo is not effective at preventing acute mountain sickness. Gertsch 2004 


  It is shown that by treatment of dementia patients with Ginkgo special extract EGb 761, the progression of dependency and need of care can be slowed down, which may have an impact on costs for care, e.g. by delaying nursing home placement. [Article in German] Haan 2004 


  There were no significant effects of Gincosan (120mg Ginkgo biloba & 200mg Panax ginseng)treatment on ratings of mood, bodily symptoms of somatic anxiety, menopausal symptoms or sleepiness or on any of cognitive measures of attention, memory or frontal lobe function in post-menopausal women. Hartley 2004 


  Update of 2002 Cochrane evidence-based review of G. biloba for tinnitus found that the limited evidence did not demonstrate effectiveness for tinnitus as a primary complaint. There was no reliable evidence to determine if it is effective for tinnitus associated with cerebral insufficiency. Hilton 2004 


  3 months of oral administration of Ginkgo biloba (GBE 761) reduced malondialdehyde levels of erythrocytes membranes, fibrinogen levels, promoted erythrocytes deformability, & improved blood viscosity & viscoelasticity, which may facilitate perfusion in diabetic mellitus patients with retinopathy. Huang 2004 


  Ginkgo biloba increases exhaled nasal nitric oxide (NO) output during normoxia and enhances reduced exhaled nasal NO output during normobaric hypoxia in humans. Jowers 2004 


  Flavonoid antioxidants (dikvertin and ginkgo biloba) reduced the content of lipid peroxidation products, and induced the antioxidant activity in tear and blood plasma in patients with peripheral vitreochoreoretinal dystrophies and retinal detachment. [Article in Russian] Karazhaeva 2004 


  A clinical trial was conducted to investigate the influence of Ginkgo biloba special extract EGb 761 on hemostasiological parameters in 50 healthy, male volunteers which showed no evidence of any inhibition of blood coagulation and platelet aggregation through EGb 761. Kohler 2004 


  Trial data for cholinesterase inhibitors were more consistent than those for ginkgo, particularly regarding patient populations and outcome measures. Kurz 2004 


  [Clinical effect of acute cerebral infarction treated by ginkgo damo injection and it's influence on SOD, MDA and NO] [Article in Chinese] Liu 2004 


  A double-blind placebo-controlled study conducted with 19 healthy males & 20 females with a mean age of 23.6 +/- 5.4 years and mean weight of 70.0 +/- 1.9 kg showed that supplement of Ginkgo biloba was ineffective at alleviating symptoms of post-lunch dip or at enhancing taste and smell function. Mattes 2004 


  [Clinical observation on treatment of diabetic peripheral neuphropathy by ginkgo leaf extract combined with active vitamin B12] [Article in Chinese] Meng 2004 


  A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study with 85 healthy subjects shows that the combined Ginkgo biloba and Bacopa monniera extract had no cognitive enhancing effects in healthy subjects. Nathan 2004 


  It is indicated that use of Ginkgo biloba or Ginseng does not provide any quantifiable beneficial effects on memory performance in the long-term in healthy adult volunteers. Persson 2004 


  A randomized placebo controlled double blind trials of Ginkgo biloba (Gb) & meta-analysis of randomized trials with 66 adult patients with tinnitus showed that Gb does not benefit patients. Rejali 2004 


  A double blind randomized placebo controlled trial with 60 participants, aged 21- 60 years, showed that the combination of Gingko biloba (GB) & Codonopsis pilosula seemed to be better than GB alone in improving the cognitive function and overall health. Singh 2004 


  In the short-term, Ginko biloba--Troxerutin-Heptaminol Hce is effective, acceptable and safe in the treatment of 22 patients with acute hemorrhoidal attacks. Sumboonnanonda 2004 


  Effects of continuing treatment with Ginkgo biloba extract 120 mg/day on activities of daily living & mood in healthy older volunteers who had immediately previously participated in a survey of effects of a 4 month treatment with drugs showed improvement in mood & self-assessed performance of tasks. Trick 2004 


  Both modified Wuzi Yanzong Granule and Ginkgo leaf capsule can effectively improve the memorial function of patients with mild cognitive impairment. [Article in Chinese] Wang 2004 


  A triple-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, trial of Ginkgo biloba 240 mg daily was carried out in 24 patients with sexual impairment due to antidepressant drugs showed spectacular individual responses but no statistically significant differences. Wheatley 2004 


  The potential association between use of C4A treatments, in particular EGb 761 (standardized Ginkgo biloba extracts), and dementia of Alzheimer type was investigated in elderly women & results suggest that C4A treatment may reduce the risk of developing Alzheimer's dementia in elderly women. Andrieu 2003 


  A prospective, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study was carried out in 32 healthy volunteers to evaluate the effect of 3 doses of Ginkgo extract (120, 240 & 480 mg/day for 14 days) on hemostasis, coagulation & fibrinolysis showed no alteration of platelet function or coagulation. Bal Dit Sollier 2003 


  A pilot study to assess multiple crossover n = 1 trials with verum/placebo discrimination as the outcome measure as a means of identifying responders and non-responders to the acute nootropic effect of Ginkgo biloba among healthy volunteers was carried out. Canter 2003 


  Ginkgo biloba exocarp polysaccharides capsule preparation has some definite therapeutic effects on upper digestive tract malignant tumors of middle and late stage in 86 patients. [Article in Chinese] Chen 2003 


  A randomized double-blind, monocenter study with 66 healthy elderly subjects was carried out to investigate the short-term effect of special ginkgo extract EGb 761 & the results suggest a positive effect of EGb 761 on subjective emotional well-being of healthy elderly persons. [Article in German] Cieza 2003 


  [Ginkgo biloba works in healthy persons, too. Older people feel more mentally fit] [Article in German] Cieza 2003 


  The relatively short-term (i.e., 4 weeks) effects of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 on mental functioning and quality of life in healthy volunteers was evaluated which showed that self-estimated mental health as well as self-estimated quality of life were significant in favor of EGb 761. Cieza 2003 


  A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over trial indicated that Coenzyme Q10 and Ginkgo biloba do not influence the clinical effect of warfarin. [Article in Danish] Engelsen 2003 


  The benefits of Ginkgo on memory and frontal lobe function found in the double-blind, placebo-controlled study, postmenopausal women are modest but are unlikely to be secondary to major mood changes. Hartley 2003 


  Commonly used doses of Ginkgo biloba do not have any immediate or short-term effects on blood pressure, heart rate, or electrocardiographic variables in young, healthy volunteers. Kalus 2003 


  Neither piracetam nor Ginkgo biloba appears to be a promising medication for the treatment of cocaine dependence. Kampman 2003 


  Both ginseng and ginkgo also led to significant reductions in frontal 'eyes closed' theta and beta activity, with additional reduction for ginseng in the alpha waveband in 15 healthy volunteers. Kennedy 2003 


  Gingko biloba extract was a potent antioxidant for both normocholesterolemic and hypercholemic subjects, It acts by reducing thiobarbituric acid reacting substances possibly by inhibiting platelet COX-1 isoform activity. Kudolo 2003 


  An exploratory analysis of the influence of baseline neuropsychological profiles on the effect of Gingko biloba extract EGb 761 in Alzheimer's disease was conducted in patients with Alzheimer's Disease. Le Bars 2003 


  It is found that standardized extracts of Ginkgo biloba at recommended doses are unlikely to significantly alter the disposition of co-administered medications primarily dependent on the CYP2D6 or CYP3A4 pathways for elimination in normal volunteers. Markowitz 2003 


  Ginkgo biloba extract seems to be a simple, safe and fairly effective therapy for arresting the progression of the slow-spreading vitiligo disease. Parsad 2003 


  Ginkgo biloba extract administration appears to improve preexisting visual field damage in some patients with normal tension glaucoma. Quaranta 2003 


  A double-blind study with placebo and Ginkgo biloba in 48 men aged 60 -70 showed a reduction in blood viscosity, improved cerebral perfusion in specific areas and improved global cognitive functioning. Santos 2003 


  It has been found that a single dose of 180 g of Ginkgo biloba does not affect soleus motoneuron pool excitability in 20 healthy volunteers. Stone 2003 


  Agents including the antioxidants vitamin E, selegiline, and Ginkgo biloba extracts have shown some benefit in clinical trials for treatment of Alzheimer disease. Tariot 2003 


  A 24-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, multicenter trial in elderly patients with dementia do not support the view that Ginkgo is beneficial for patients with dementia or age-associated memory impairment. van Dongen 2003 


  The effect of Ginkgo biloba exocarp polysaccharides on human gastric cancer was studied in 30 patients and its therapeutic mechanism may relates to its effects on the expression of c-myc, bcl-2 and c-fos genes, which can inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis and differentiation of tumor cells. Xu 2003 


  The efficacy of Tianlong Xifeng granule in the treatment of ceroarterosclerosis with Gan-yang-hua-feng Zheng was investigated in 122 patients & 60 patients in the control group were treated with Ginkgo Biloba capsule. [Article in Chinese] Yi 2003 


  [Use of tanakan in disturbances of memory and attention in the elderly].[Article in Russian] Zakharov 2003 


  Clinical trials in healthy subjects shows no marked or consistent positive effects of Ginkgo biloba on any particular objective measure of cognitive function. A positive subjective effect was reported only in the longest trial. Canter 2002 


  The bioavailability of the main active ingredient in Ginkgo biloba extract, ginkgolid B, was higher in volunteers treated with 40mg twice daily as compared to the single 80mg dose. Drago 2002 


  Pretreatment with Ginkgo biloba extract, one day prior to rapid ascent, appeared to reduce the severity of acute mountain sickness. Gertsch 2002 


  A randomized placebo-controlled, double-blind study did not replicate a prior positive finding supporting the use of Ginkgo biloba for antidepressant, especially SSRI, induced sexual dysfunction. Kang 2002 


  The relative bioavailability of ginkgolide A, ginkgolide B and bilobalide was investigated after single oral administration of 120 mg Ginkgo biloba extract as tablets or capsules in humans. Kressmann 2002 


  The effect of ingesting Ginkgo biloba extract on platelet aggregation in platelet-rich plasma and prostanoid urinary excretion in healthy volunteers and subjects with Type 2 diabetes mellitus was compared. Kudolo 2002 


  [Ginkgo is not a smart pill.] Lazar 2002 


  The improvement seen in Alzheimer patients treated with Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 was found to be dependent on the severity of the dementia. Le Bars 2002 


  Under clinical conditions, bilobil increases the cerebral blood flow, normalizes the metal ligand homeostasis, and improves the antioxidant status in children with early forms of cerebrovascular disease (neurocirculate distonia) and attention deficit hyperactivity syndrome. [Article in Russian] Limanova 2002 


  [The acute effects of combined administration of Ginkgo biloba and Bacopa monniera on cognitive function in humans.] Maher 2002 


  A clinically oriented overview of the efficacy and safety of Ginkgo biloba, St. John's wort, ginseng, Echinacea, saw palmetto and kava based on American experiences was given. [Article in Swedish] Mattsson 2002 


  Oral treatment with a Ginkgo biloba extract (Gibidyl Forte(R)) is able to dilate forearm blood vessels causing increments in regional blood flow without changing blood pressure levels in healthy subjects. Mehlsen 2002 


  A large-scaled clinical trial was conducted with 262 community-dwelling volunteers (both male and female) 60 years of age and older, to study the efficacy of Ginkgo biloba extract on the neuropsychological functioning of cognitively intact older adults. Mix 2002 


  Ginkgo biloba phytosome may be effective in reducing the number of Raynaud's attacks per week in patients suffering from Raynaud's disease. Muir 2002 


  The acute effects of Ginkgo biloba (GB 120 mg) on memory functioning was examined in healthy older volunteers using cognitive drug research battery of memory tests & Rey auditory verbal learning task & findings suggest that 120 mg of GB has no acute nootropic effects in healthy older individuals. Nathan2002 


  Patients with vestibular lesion symptoms, treated with Ginkgo biloba extract, gained full vestibular compensation sooner than untreated patients. [Article in Polish] Orendorz-Fraczkowska 2002 


  The acute effects of single doses of Ginkgo biloba (GK501), Ginseng (G115) and their combination (Ginkoba M/E, Pharmaton SA) on the performance of healthy young adults (mean age 21 years) during serial arithmetic tasks with differing cognitive load was examined. Scholey 2002 


  Ginkgo biloba extract, an over-the-counter agent marketed as enhancing memory, did not improve any cognitive function in volunteers 60 years or older when treated with a dose of 40mg three times daily. Solomon 2002 


  Folium Ginkgo extract could suppress the free radical production, -scavenge free radicals, antagonize the lipid peroxidation injury of cell membrane and up-regulate erythrocyte immunity in 30 asphyxia neonates. [Article in Chinese] Wang 2002 


  Large trial found 50 mg Ginkgo biloba extract LI 1370 given 3 times daily for 12 weeks is no more effective than placebo in treating tinnitus. Drew 2001 


  Patients treated with antidepressants and Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE Li 1370) showed improvement on cognitive performance and sleep regulation than those not on Ginkgo biloba extract. Hemmeter 2001 


  Trial of healthy volunteers found dose-dependent improvement in performance on the "quality of memory" factor, targeted at the secondary memory rather than the working memory component. There was a dose dependent decrease in "speed of attention". Kennedy 2001 


  Increase in hepatic metabolic clearance rate of insulin and hypoglycemic agents found in 3-month study of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761)of individuals with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Kudolo 2001 


  Study of 36 ADHD children treated with Panax quinquefolium and Ginkgo biloba extract found symptoms improved. Lyon 2001 


  Study of 30 healthy males found Ginkgo biloba extract to be safe but largely ineffective in enhancing memory. Moulton 2001 


  Trial with healthy volunteers found no differences in sleep paramaters (including REM)where Ginkgo biloba extract Li1370 was administered. Sleep efficiency and subjective sleep quality improved and showed Li1370 was well tolerated. Murray 2001 


  Trial of Alzheimer patients found significant improvements in speed of information processing working memory and executive processing attributable to EGb. Stough 2001 


  Trial of schizophrenic patients found Ginkgo biloba treatment may enhance the effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs and reduce their extrapyramidal side effects. Zhang 2001 


  The impact of 4 months supplementation with 120 mg/day of Ginkgo biloba special extract (LI 1370) on activities of daily living & various aspects of mood & sleep in a population of older volunteers revealed that GBE supplementation has beneficial effects on quality of life in an older population. Cockle 2000 


  Ginkgo biloba administration did not significantly change brain MAO A or B suggesting that mechanisms other than MAO inhibition may be mediating some of its CNS effects. Fowler 2000 


  Study on the efficacy of Ginkgo biloba therapy in 72 patients (44 male and 28 female) with chronic cochleovestibular disorders shows it has a very good effect on both postural and oculovestibular reflexes. Also, hearing was improved, and patients' comfort was heightened by the therapy. Hahn 2000 


  Acute administration of Ginkgo biloba to healthy young volunteers significantly improved "speed of attention". Effects were dose dependent. Kennedy 2000 


  Lowered blood pressure and increased fasting plasma insulin and C-peptide found in 3-month study of ingestion of Ginkgo biloba extract on pancreatic beta-cell function in response to glucose loading in normal glucose tolerant individuals. Kudolo 2000 


  Study of mildly to severely impaired Alzheimer's patients found improvements in group taking Ginkgo biloba extract. Le Bars 2000 


  Short-term utilization of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 found to enhance neurocognitive functions/processes of cognitively intact older adults. Mix 2000 


  Systematic review of 8 RCTS suggests Ginkgo biloba extract is moderately superior to placebo in the symptomatic treatment of intermittent claudication. Pittler 2000 


  Combination of Muira puama and Ginkgo biloba found effective in the treatment of sexual dysfunction in healthy women with low sex drive, based on self-reporting. Waynberg 2000 


  Trial of 256 healthy middle-aged volunteers found Ginkgo/ginseng combination significantly improved working and long-term memory. Wesnes 2000 


  Ginkgo extract EGb 761 found as effective as second-generation cholinesterase inhibitors (donepezil, rivastigmine, metrifonate) in the treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer's dementia. Wettstein 2000 


  Ginkgo biloba extract significantly improved symptoms of glaucoma in particular ocular blood flow velocity. Chung 1999 


  Patients taking Ginkgo experienced reduced symptoms of mental decline. A more objective system of assessment is needed to provide firm proof. Curtis-Prior 1999 


  Cochrane evidence-based review of Ginkgo biloba for age-related macular degeneration found that the question as to whether people with AMD should take Ginkgo Biloba extract to prevent progression of the disease has not been answered by research to date. Evans 1999 


  Ginkgo biloba did not prevent the development of the symptoms of winter depression. Lingaerde 1999 


  Indeterminate results from a tinnitus treatment program that included Gingko biloba. Oliveira 1999 


  Acute doses of standardized Ginkgo biloba extract enhanced memory, particularly working memory in asymptomatic volunteers. Rigney 1999 


  Improvement in pain-free walking distance in patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease were found using two different dosage levels of ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761. Schweizer 1999 


  Ginkgo biloba extract EGb may enhance treatment with antipsychotic haloperidol on schizophrenia, especially positive symptoms. Mechanism may be an antioxidant effect. Zhou 1999 


  Ginkgo biloba extract with carboxymethyl-beta-1,3-glucan applied to skin for 2 weeks reduced dermatitis from various allergens for 22 women in double blind study Castelli 1998 


  Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761) in the treatment of equilibrium disorders can considerably improve oculomotor and visuovestibular function. Cesarani 1998 


  Ginkgo leaf extract, avg 209 mg/day, offset sexual dysfunction caused by serotonin reuptake inhibitors, 91% for 33 women and 76% for 30 men Cohen 1998 


  Alzheimer's therapy study ought to include ginkgo, antioxidants, hormones, etc.; a review Doraiswamy 1998 


  Literature review indicates ginkgo biloba provides statistically significant but clinically modest improvement in cognitive function for early dementia Flint 1998 


  Ginkgo biloba special extract EGb 761--an anti-dementia drug [Article in German] Horr 1998 


  Patients with circulatory encephalopathy improved when they received different forms of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) in combined treatment. Ivaniv 1998 


  Patients with peripheral arterial occlusive diseases experience improvement when treated with Ginkgo biloba extract GbE. Li 1998 


  Systematic review of reported trials of Ginkgo biloba on cognitive function in Alzheimer disease show positive effects but more research needed on dosage. Oken 1998 


  111 patients with peripheral occlusive arterial disease and claudication given 3 pills/day of EGb 761 for 24 wk had walking distance increase to 153m vs 127 for placebo Peters 1998 


  Preliminary lab and clinical data support use of herbals such as ginseng, ginkgo biloba and garlic, and nutritional supplements to slow aging Rattan 1998 


  Analysis (by GC/MS) and characterization of quercetin and kaempferol in urine following ingestion of Ginkgo biloba tablets Watson 1998 


  Review indicates good evidence for the efficacy of St John's wort for depression and for ginkgo in the treatment of memory impairment caused by dementia Wong 1998 


  After six-weeks treatment, increase in ECG first degree AV-blocks and abnormalities of repolarization for imipramine but a significant reduction for hypericum in double blind study with 209 depression patients Czekalla 1997 


  Modest improvements in cognitive tests by 202 mild to severely demented patients taking EGb 761 for a year Le Bars 1997 


  240 mg/day of Ginkgo extract EGb 761 (Tebonin forte) to 20 Alzheimer's patients improved SKT score by 3 points while placebo group deteriorated by 0.8. Maurer 1997 


  320 mg/day EGb 761 (n = 8) compared to placebo (n = 7) for 5 days before cardiopulmonary bypass reduced thiobarbituric acid-reactive species, decrease of DMSO/ascorbyl radicals, myoglobin leakage and ventricular myosin leakage. Final outcome comparable Pietri 1997 


  Urine collected for 3 days after Ginkgo biloba leaves taken contains metabolites that account for less than 30% of the flavonoids ingested Pietta 1997 


  64 healthy adults given Ginkgo biloba/ginseng combination at 80, 160, or 320 mg bid for 90 days had improved heart rate and cognition Wesnes 1997 


  24 week, randomized, placebo-controlled double-blind study with parallel-group comparison of 60 patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease using EGb 761 at 120 mg/d found longer walking distances in the treatment group [Article in German] Blume 1996 


  18 claudication patients randomized in a double blind cross-over study with GB-8 at 120 mg/day for 3 months showed improved concentration and memory but unchanged walking distance, peripheral blood pressure, and leg pain [Article in Danish] Drabaek 1996 


  Review of 10 clinical trials with Ginkgo for claudication found all lacking in methodological quality so further study is necessary [Article in German] Ernst 1996 


  Placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind trial with 40 moderate dementia patients found that Ginkgo EGb 4 days per week for 4 weeks improved condition (p <0.05)[Article in German] Haase 1996 


  216 Alzheimer's and multi-infarct dementia patients in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 240 mg EGb 761 for 24 weeks found benefit with the 156 patients who completed the study Kanowski 1996 


  New Clinical Drug Eval. Unit (NCDEU) review of natural psychotropics, highlighting Hypericum, Valerian, Ginkgo and Ginseng Cott 1995 


  55 ischaemic stroke patients in placebo controlled trial found no benefit for Ginkgo extract at 160 mg/day although 40 trials by others have shown usefulness for chronic cerebral ischaemia Garg 1995 


  Meta analysis of 11 placebo controlled randomized double blind trials in patients with cerebrovascular insufficiency indicates Ginkgo benefit [Article in German] Hopfenmuller 1994 


  900 mg of hypericum per day for 4 weeks benefited seasonal affective disorder (SAD) Martinez 1994 


  43 patients with high cholersterol (230-390) had modest lowering by garlic-ginkgo combination compared with placebo Kenzelmann 1993 


  72 outpatients with cerebral insufficiency in a double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled study for 24 weeks with EGb 761 found improved short-term memory [Article in German] Grassel 1992 


  Meta-analysis of 5 placebo controlled trials with EGb 761 for patients with peripheral arterial disease found improved walking distances [Article in German] Schneider 1992 


  31 memory impaired patients in a 6-month double-blind, placebo controlled trial with 120 mg/d Ginkgo extract (tanakan) showed benefit for cognitive function Rai 1991 


  60 inpatients with cerebral insufficiency in a double-blind study for 6 weeks with 160 mg/d Ginkgo extract had small progressive improvements after 4 weeks [Article in German] Eckmann 1990 


  For 70 patients with vertiginous syndrome of undetermined origin, in a 3-month double blind trial, 47% of the treatment group had symptoms eliminated vs. 18% of the placebo group [Article in French] Haguenauer 1986 


  103 tinnitus patients in a 13 month trial found benefit with Ginkgo vs. placebo [Article in French] Meyer 1986 


  166 patients with cerebral disorders due to ageing in a double-blind, placebo controlled trial had benefit after 3 or more months [Article in French] Taillandier 1986 


  A 6-month double-blind randomised clinical trial with 79 patients with peripheral arteriopathy showed benefit for Ginkgo extract (rokan) Bauer 1984 


Observational Studies/Case Reports 

  Apart from agents like Pentoxifyline, Nimodipine which are useful in Vascular dementia some other agents like ginkgo biloba, acetylocholinesterase inhibitors, are also have shown mild benefit or at least were associated with some stabilization of dementia. [Article in Polish] Bidzan 2006 


  Perfusion with Ginkgo biloba leaf extract during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) could significantly decrease the release of myocardial injury markers and improve post-CPB cardiac function recovery, exerting favorable myocardium-protective effects. [Article in Chinese] Deng 2006 


  Ginkgo biloba leaf extract could improve cerebral oxygen supply, promote superoxide dismutase activity to inhibit production of free radicals in patients undergoing hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass, and thus shows an evident protective effect in the brain. [Article in Chinese] Deng 2006 


  [Ginkgo biloba, may significantly reduce gastrointestinal pain: it may also reduce the risk of stomach cancer that is associated with the wide-spread use of proton pump inhibitors.] Eli 2006 


  Among all 68,403 nursing home residents with an herb order, ginkgo was prescribed for 61.9% of residents with an Epi/Sz diagnosis and 58.0% (p = 0.820) of residents without an Epi/Sz diagnosis. Harms 2006 


  A case of persistent postoperative bleeding following total hip arthroplasty was described and the patient was taking ginkgo biloba extract, an unlicensed herbal medicine taken to improve mental alertness. Bebbington 2005 


  15 published case reports described a temporal association between using ginkgo and a bleeding event. Most cases involved serious medical conditions, including 8 episodes of intracranial bleeding. Bent 2005 


  [Bilateral haematoma after rhytidoplasty and blepharoplasty following chronic use of Ginkgo biloba.] Destro 2005 


  The case of a 55-year-old male who self-medicated with Ginkgo biloba & suffered a fatal breakthrough seizure, with no evidence of non-compliance with his anticonvulsant medications was presented. Kupiec 2005 


  Although several recent studies found that both Sophora Japonica and Ginkgo biloba have the same components of quercetin and rutin, only Ginkgo biloba has been widely used to treat cerebrovascular disorders and dementia in humans. Lao 2005 


  [Clinical observation on treatment of senile insomnia with application therapy on Shenque acupoint with gingkgo leaf preparation: a report of 25 cases] [Article in Chinese] Li 2005 


  [Vitreous haemorrhage associated with Gingko biloba use in a patient with age related macular disease.] MacVie 2005 


  [Ginkgo biloba in Down Syndrome.] Donfrancesco 2004 


  The review gives an overview and evaluation of clinical studies proving the efficacy of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 in patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease. Horsch 2004 


  Ginkgo biloba, available as an over-the-counter extract, provides symptom relief of intermittent claudication which is comparable to pentoxifylline. Jacoby 2004 


  Review on current antidementive therapy indicates that Ginkgo biloba or piracetam are alternatives for patients with mild-to-moderate dementia, in whom acetylcholinesterase inhibitors cannot be used. [Article in German] Perneczky 2004 


  [Anti-dementia agent helps mentally fit seniors, too. Compensated and errorless with Gingko] [Article in German] [No authors listed] 2003 


  [Ginkgo and memory.] Arnold 2003 


  [Scientific reporting of unscientific data--a case of Ginkgo biloba being miscredited.] Bruhn 2003 


  [Gingko: smart pill or not?] Caspi 2003 


  [Ginkgo and memory.] Cheuvront 2003 


  [Ginkgo ineffective for tinnitus.] DeBisschop 2003 


  [Ginkgo and memory.] Doraiswamy 2003 


  [Are there any studies showing whether ginkgo biloba is effective for tinnitus (ringing in the ears)?] Feinberg 2003 


  A case is reported of a woman who developed retrobulbar haemorrhage and was subsequently found to have been taking Gingko biloba extract tablets which may have predisposed her to developing the haemorrhage. Fong 2003 


  It is indicated that Gingko biloba extract is of particular interest to patients with dementia and with behavioural and psychological symptoms (BPSD) since it improves both the patient's cognitive ability and behavioural and psychological symptoms. Hoerr 2003 


  In healthy adults as well as in individuals categorized as having mild cognitive impairment, Ginkgo biloba EGb 761 improved cognition in some but not all neuropsychological tests. Ihl 2003 


  Among the limited therapeutic options for dementia of Alzheimer's type, treatment with Ginkgo biloba extract appears to be the method of choice compared to the cholinesterase inhibitors. Schulz 2003 


  [Ginkgo and memory.] Wheatley 2003 


  [Use of Tanakan (EGb 761) in ophthalmology] [Article in Slovak] Cernak 2002 


  A case of frequent ventricular arrhythmias probably due to Ginkgo biloba is presented. The patient complained of palpitations twice in a month and on both occasions symptoms and electrocardiographic evidence of ventricular arrhythmias resolved with discontinuation of Ginkgo biloba. Cianfrocca 2002 


  This reports a liver transplant recipient with potentially life-threatening toxicity resulting from Gingko biloba use. The patient had been consuming Gingko biloba throughout the postoperative period. No further bleeding episodes occurred after the cessation of use. Hauser 2002 


  This is the first English-language case report measuring 4-metoxypyridoxine concentration during ginkgo seed poisoning: a 2-year-old girl presented with vomiting and diarrhea 7 hours after eating a large quantity of ginkgo seeds. Kajiyama 2002 


  Standardized leaf extracts of Ginkgo biloba reduce the symptoms of age-associated memory impairment and dementia, including Alzheimer's disease, and may be of benefit in treating intermittent claudication & useful in preventing and treating cardiovascular disease. Mahady 2002 


  The first case of a patient in whom Ginkgo biloba extract proved to be the unique cause of spontaneous hyphema was reported.[Article in French] Schneider 2002 


  The case of a female patient with a history of mild traumatic brain injury and resulting depression is presented. She experienced hypomania after adding St John's wort and Ginkgo biloba to her regimen of fluoxetine and buspirone, which remitted after discontinuation of the herbal medicines. Spinella 2002 


  This study discusses a 56 year old man who suffered an intracerebral haemorrhage after regularly taking Ginkgo biloba leaf extract. Benjamin 2001 


  A case of post-laparoscopic cholecystectomy bleeding in a patient taking Gingko biloba is reported. This preparation has been reported to cause spontaneous bleeding and may interact with anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents. Fessenden 2001 


  Two patients with well-controlled epilepsy presented with recurrent seizures within 2 weeks of commencing extract of Ginkgo biloba. The herbal remedy was discontinued and both patients are seizure-free several months later. Granger 2001 


  Ginkgo biloba for dementia anon 1998 


  Future of the therapy of dementia--current data on Ginkgo-Special Extract EGB 761 [Article in German] anon 1998 


  Fluoxetine-induced genital anesthesia relieved by Ginkgo biloba extract Ellison 1998 


  Garlic, ginseng, and Ginkgo biloba were the herbs most frequently used by customers shopping at two health food stores Eliason 1997 


  For 42 diabetic patients followed for 3 yr: Ginkgo and aspirin improved platelet reactivity but not erythrocyte aggregation Husstedt 1997 


  Ginkgo extract (tanakan) helped some early stage circulatory encephalopathy patients but not those with advanced disease [Article in Ukrainian] Kupnovyts'ka 1997 


  The effect of tanakan on central nervous system function in patients with the residual manifestations of stroke [Article in Russian] Kuznetsova 1997 


  Ginkgo benefited 71% of 32 patients treated for varicose veins [Article in Romanian] Palade 1997 


  Hyphema (bleeding into the anterior chamber of the eye) associated with ingestion of Ginkgo biloba extract Rosenblatt 1997 


  The clinical efficacy of tanakan in patients with stage-I atherosclerotic circulatory encephalopathy [Article in Russian] Rudenko 1997 


  Survey of 159 doctors in Goettingen about treatment for Alzheimer's indicates drugs of choice are piracetam 31%, Ginkgo 28%, nimodipine 26%, aspirin 17% Stoppe 1996 


  76 lymphedema patients given Coumarin 60 mg/daily + Gingko Biloba 40 mg/daily + Melilotus 40 mg/daily for 6-8 months had improvement with pain, edema and infections [Article in Italian] Vettorello 1996 


  Unilateral vestibular deafferentation (UVD), which causes ocular motor and postural disorders, apears to benefit from Ginkgo Smith 1994 


  160 mg/day of EGb 761 improved retinal sensitivity for elderly ischemic patients while 80 mg/d failed [Article in German] Raabe 1991 


  Psychomotor and memory test sessions 1 hour before and after a single 600 mg dose of Ginkgo extract in 12 healthy women showed no significant differences [Article in French] Warot 1991 


Traditional and Folk Use 

  In recent years some natural substances and standardized plant extracts (Ginkgo biloba L., Centella asiatica L.) Urban, Bacopa monniera L., Evolvulus alsinoides L.) are often used in Alzheimer's disease and other types of dementia. [Article in Czech] Cervenka 2006 


  Assessment of the evidence surrounding the use of certain complementary supplements in otolaryngology shows that there is overwhelming evidence that Ginkgo biloba may play no role in tinnitus. Karkos 2006 


  The most important medicinal plants, including Ginkgo biloba, St John's wort, Kava-kava, Valerian, Bacopa monniera and Convolvulus pluricaulis, are reviewed which are widely used for their reputed effectiveness in CNS disorders. Kumar 2006 


  Emerging role of polyphenolic compounds from green tea, the Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761, blueberries extracts, wine components and curcumin in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases are reviewed. Ramassamy 2006 


  Among 620 mildly cognitively impaired patients and their caregivers, a total of 51.8% of subjects were current natural health product users, with vitamin E, ginkgo biloba, and glucosamine being the most commonly used products. Sharma 2006 


  Review on herbal medicine shows that enough data are available on three herbs (ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba), St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) and saw palmetto (Serenoa repens)) for meta-analyses to have been undertaken. Walker 2006 


  Traditional Chinese medicine such as Salvia miltiorrhiza, Acanthopanax senticosus, Ginkgo biloba, Pueraria lobata, Liguisticum chuanxiong, cow bezoar, etc., have been proven beneficial in CVS prevention & treatment, while S. miltiorrhiza & TCM soup have unique effects on bleeding absorption. Wang 2006 


  15 herbs including Camellia sinensis (green tea), Ginkgo biloba, quercetin, & ginger are are traditionally used for anticancer treatment and are antiangiogenic through multiple interdependent processes that include effects on gene expression, signal processing, and enzyme activities. Yance 2006 


  Among 10,572 respondents with cardiovascular disease, 36% had used complementary and alternative medicine and the most commonly used therapies were herbal products (18%) which includes echinacea, garlic, ginseng and ginkgo biloba. Yeh 2006 


  The agents that show promise in helping prevent Alzheimer's disease include: 1) aged garlic extract, 2) curcumin, 3) melatonin, 4) resveratrol, 5) Ginkgo biloba extract, 6) green tea, 7) vitamin C and 8) vitamin E. Frank 2005 


  The available data on the pathophysiologic background of Alzheimer's disease was reviewed and thus the most commonly used therapeutic agents, specifically rivastigmine, Ginkgo biloba, piracetam and selegiline. [Article in Polish] Gabryelewicz 2005 


  Plant extracts including ginkgo biloba, echinacea, ginseng, grape seed, green tea, lemon, etc. have been widely used as topical applications for wound-healing, anti-aging, and disease treatments. Hsu 2005 


  Review on recent trends in use of herbal and other natural products shows that use of Ginkgo biloba and Panax ginseng declined during the study, while lutein use increased dramatically, because of its addition to multivitamin products. Kelly 2005 


  Flavonoids, in the new formulation of micronised purified flavonoid fraction (MPFF) or as part of the ancient traditional medicine derivative of the Ginkgo tree, are used for relief of acute symptoms (for control of bleeding and re-bleeding in all grades of haemorrhoids). Misra 2005 


  Its multiple beneficial actions, including increased ocular blood flow, antioxidant activity, platelet activating factor inhibitory activity, nitric oxide inhibition & neuroprotective activity, combinedly suggest that Ginkgo biloba extract could have major therapeutic value in glaucoma treatment. Ritch 2005 


  Review on increasing trends in elderly persons' use of nonvitamin, nonmineral dietary supplements and concurrent use of medications shows that by 1999, glucosamine emerged as the most frequently used nonvitamin, nonmineral supplement followed by ginkgo biloba, chondroitin, and garlic. Wold 2005 


  The studies on the preventing effects of natural antioxidants, such as vitamins E and C, flavonoids, and polyphenols on neurodegenerative diseases, especially summarizing the results on the protective effect of ginkgo biloba extract on neuron cells were reviewed. Zhao 2005 


  [Also true for healthy persons! Longer mental fitness with ginkgo] [Article in German] [No authors listed] 2004 


  Study on prevalence & predictors of herbal medicine use in surgical patient shows that among 2,186 patients 57% of respondents used herbal medicine at some point in their life, 38% in the past 2 years (eg, echinacea [48%], aloe vera [30%], ginseng [28%], garlic [27%], & ginkgo biloba [22%]). Adusumilli 2004 


  Herbs with a high concentration of flavonoids which have been proposed to be effective cytoprotectors such as Achyrocline satureioides, Ginkgo biloba and Epilobium parviflorum are of special interest. Arredondo 2004 


  Antioxidants for inclusion as ideal ocular nutritional supplements, suitable for those with a family history of glaucoma, cataract, or age-related macular disease, were vitamins A, B, C and E, carotenoids beta-carotene, lutein, and zeaxanthin, minerals selenium and zinc, & Ginkgo biloba. Bartlett 2004 


  The Gingko biloba extract EGb 761 has been the subject of many studies which confirm its usefulness for the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative pathologies. Christen 2004 


  A range of many pharmacological treatments have been tested, including selegiline, piracetam, vitamin E, Ginkgo biloba, anti-inflammatory drugs & hormone replacement therapy, but, so far, Cochrane reviews have not established efficacy of these interventions for Alzheimer's. Evans 2004 


  Soy, St. John's Wort, Silybum marianum, Ginkgo biloba, Citrus species, Vaccinum mirtillus, Hawthorn and tea are medicinal plants containing flavonoids whose efficacy in the treatment of a variety of diseases has been demonstrated in numerous clinical studies. [Article in Italian] Firenzuoli 2004 


  A review about the older people with Alzheimer's dementia or vascular dementia or age-associated memory impairment treated with Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb), reveals that EGb has reproducible effects on cognitive functions in Alzheimer's disease. Gertz 2004 


  Review on chinese herbs as immunomodulators and potential disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs in autoimmune disorders shows that Ginkgo biloba is another potential Chinese herb for this consideration. Ho 2004 


  Arginine, yohimbine, Panax ginseng, Maca, and Ginkgo biloba all have some degree of evidence that they may be helpful for erectile dysfunction. McKay 2004 


  A survey conducted on dietary supplement use in 458 veteran outpatients currently taking prescription medications shows that most common products included are vitamins and minerals, garlic, Ginkgo biloba, saw palmetto, and ginseng. Peng 2004 


  One of the most popular herbal supplements Ginkgo biloba extract, is taken for its perceived "memory enhancing" properties. Smith 2004 


  The most common of the relevant medicines to cure various symptoms of senescence are nootropic piracetam, gamma-aminobutyric acid, selegiline, Ginkgo biloba, pentoxifylline, cerebrolysin, solcoseryl, ergoloid, vinpocetin, sertraline, and estrogens, among others. Ukraintseva 2004 


  A phase II study of EGb 761 in combination with fluorouracil is in progress in Germany in patients with pancreatic cancer & German researchers are investigating the potential of EGb 761 for the treatment of sudden deafness and tinnitus in clinical studies. [No authors listed] 2003 


  Herbal medicines were given most frequently for a behavioral condition, with ginkgo biloba, echinacea, and St. John's wort most prevalent. Almost 83% of caregivers gave herbal medicines alone, whereas 13% gave herbal medicines with prescription drugs. Cala 2003 


  [Gin(kgo) and tonic--with a twist!] Cooper 2003 


  Primary care patients experiencing common menopausal symptoms are likely to use herbal products (phytoestrogens, St. John's wort, Ginkgo biloba, and ginseng) that are purported to provide menopause symptom relief, and many believe that these products improve their menopausal symptoms. Dailey 2003 


  [A brief history of EGb 761 and its therapeutic uses.] DeFeudis 2003 


  Among hundreds of foods, nutrients, herbs, and botanicals that have "bioactive" constituents with potential human health benefits, soy, garlic, and ginkgo biloba play potential role in cardiovascular disease prevention and treatment. Gardner 2003 


  [The lowdown on Ginkgo biloba.] Gold 2003 


  Gingko biloba extract is prescribed for a range of neurological and vascular disorders including dementia, arterial occlusive disease, retinal deficit, and tinnitus. Le Bars 2003 


  [Ginkgo and memory.] Nathan 2003 


  A study was undertaken to investigate registered nurses' knowledge about and use of five common herbal products including ginkgo, St. John's wort, ginseng, & garlic. Sand-Jecklin 2003 


  Ginkgo biloba is commonly used in the treatment of early-stage Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, peripheral claudication, and tinnitus of vascular origin. Sierpina 2003 


  Review on herbs commonly used by women indicates that Gingko biloba seems to slow the progression of dementia but increases the risk of bleeding. Tesch 2003 


  [Ginkgo on your mind? It may ease dementia, but nothing's definite.] Carmichael 2002 


  Review on importance of biologically active components and plants in the prevention of complications of diabetes mellitus shows that the mostly used plants includes Ginkgo biloba, Allium sativum, Silybum marianum, Panax Ginseng, Carica papaya, etc.,. [Article in Lithuanian] Savickiene 2002 


  Long before the current biologically-based hypothesis of cholinergic derangement in Alzheimer' s disease emerged, plants now known to contain cholinergic antagonists were recorded for their amnesia- and dementia-inducing properties. Perry 1999 


  [Herbal remedies. Ginkgo biloba may slow dementia.] [No authors listed] 1997 


  Platelet activating factor antagonists in Ginkgo helps explain the pharmacological basis of several traditional medicines Braquet 1991 


         Search for Ginkgo in Dr. Duke's Phytochem and Ethnobot DB 




SAFETY DATA


 

Adverse Effects & Toxicity 

  Low-level evidence based on expert opinion shows that ginkgo leaf may be an emmenagogue and have hormonal properties. Dugoua 2006 


  Acute generalised exanthematous pustulosis induced by the herbal remedy Ginkgo biloba, was reported for the first time. Pennisi 2006 


  [Ginko biloba and cerebral hemorrhage] [Article in Spanish] Castellote Varona 2005 


  Twenty seizures were judged as probably related, 13 possibly related, and 10 as unrelated to dietary supplements (DS) use. Creatine, St. John's wort, and ginkgo biloba were other DS implicated in possibly related seizure events. Haller 2005 


  During recent years, several cases of hemorrhage have been reported to occur in coincidence with the use of Ginkgo products. Koch 2005 


  [Ginkgo seed food poisoning] [Article in Japanese] Wada 2005 


  [Bleeding complication under Gingko biloba medication.] Yagmur 2005 


  The case of a 75-year-old male who suffered from Stevens-Johnson syndrome which evolved into toxic epidermal necrolysis, probably because of the ingestion of ginkgo biloba extract was described. [Article in Spanish] Yuste 2005 


  Canthaxanthine, chamomile, Datura, Echinacea purpurea, Ginkgo biloba, licorice, niacin, and vitamin A are all associated with clinically significant ocular side effects. Fraunfelder 2004 


  [Adverse interactions between low-dose aspirin/warfarin and garlic/ginseng/Ginkgo biloba.] Rai 2004 


  The potential risks of commonly used herbal medications in dental patients such as Ginkgo Biloba, St. John's Wort, Ginseng, Echinacea, Saw Palmetto, Garlic, Kava and Ephedra was reviewed. [Article in Hebrew] Zlotogorski Hurvitz 2004 


  The relative risks for an adverse reaction in persons using ephedra compared with other herbs were extremely high, ranging from 100 (95% CI, 83 to 140) for kava to 720 (CI, 520 to 1100) for Ginkgo biloba. Bent 2003 


  It is suggested that Levodopa had neurotoxic effect and Ginkgo biloba Extract (EGb) may decrease the toxicity of levodopa. The combined use of EGb with Levodopa may be a workable method to treat PD and may be better than using Levodopa alone. Cao 2003 


  [Fatal intracerebral mass bleeding associated with Ginkgo biloba and ibuprofen.] Meisel 2003 


  [Toxic seizures in children: case scenarios and treatment strategies.] Shannon 2003 


  Ginkgo extract EGb 761, (< 5 ppm gingkolic acids ,GA), was incubated and neutral red uptake was half-maximally inhibited at concentrations of 900 mg/l (HaCaT) and 1480 mg/ml (LLC-MK(2)). The corresponding IC(50)-values for the mixture of GA ranged between 22 mg/l (HaCaT) and 4.6 mg/l (LLC-MK(2)). Hecker 2002 


  [Spontaneous cerebellar haemorrhage associated with Ginkgo biloba ingestion]. [Article in Spanish] Purroy Garcia 2002 


  Review on herbs commonly used by women indicates that Gingko biloba seems to slow the progression of dementia but increases the risk of bleeding. Tesch 2002 


  During production of the standardized Ginkgo extract EGb 761, alkylphenols are largely eliminated as water insoluble compounds (decanter sludge). A sludge fraction enriched for ginkgolic acids and biflavones was found to induce death of 50% of the chick embryos at 1.8 mg/egg in a hen's egg test. Baron-Ruppert 2001 


  No evidence for the presence of type I allergens in Ginkgo biloba extracts was found. The authors recommend serological and/or skin testing to exclude sensitisation to components of Ginkgo biloba extracts. Mossabeb 2001 


  [A Ginkgo biloba-Associated Paranoid Reaction.] Berigan 2000 


  Side effects seen in 33 women and 30 men treated with serotonin reuptake inhibitors plus Ginkgo include gastrointestinal disturbances, headache, and general central nervous system activation Cohen 1998 


  Ginkgo fruits can cause allergic contact dermatitis but leaf extract, containing 1000 ppm ginkgolic acids, does not Hausen 1998 


  Bleeding time was prolonged by 150% and ADP-induced platelet aggregation was decreased by a small dose of ticlopidine (50 mg/kg/day) combined with EGb 761 (40 mg/kg/day) or a larger dose of only ticlopidine (200 mg/kg/day) Kim 1998 


  Extracts of Ginkgo biloba and bleeding or haemorrhage. Skogh 1998 


  Subarachnoid haemorrhage associated with Ginkgo biloba. Vale 1998 


  Ginkgo biloba extract is possibly effective for cerebrovascular insufficiency and dementia but herbs generally need more rigorous study about adverse interactions Zink 1998 


  Ginkgolic acid and related alkylphenols: review of the literature on chemical and biological aspects with special reference to their allergic and other undesired properties and removal for medicinal extracts Jaggy 1997 


  Spontaneous bilateral subdural hematomas associated with chronic Ginkgo biloba ingestion. Rowin 1996 


  Overdose with Ginkgo preparations? [Article in German] Oberpichler-Schwenk 1995 


Interactions 

  Coadministration of Ginko biloba either with cilostazol or clopidogrel in 10 healthy male volunteers did not enhance antiplatelet activity compared with individual agents. Aruna 2006 


  The effect of Ginkgo biloba on the activity of CYP2C9, the isoform responsible for S-warfarin clearance, was assessed in 11 healthy volunteers who received single 100-mg doses of flurbiprofen, a probe substrate for CYP2C9 which showed no effect of ginkgo on the kinetics or dynamics of warfarin. Greenblatt 2006 


  The investigation of herb-drug interactions with warfarin in healthy subjects by using a population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling approach reveals that Ginkgo and ginger did not affect the pharmacokinetics of warfarin in healthy subjects. Jiang 2006 


  In vitro & in vivo inhibition studies were done to ascertain influence of ginkgo on CYP2C9, the P-450 isozyme responsible for metabolism of most potent warfarin enantiomer, (S)-warfarin which showed no interactions between Ginkgo biloba extract & CYP2C9 probe substrates when observed in vivo. Mohutsky 2006 


  The review summarize the current literature regarding,interactions of flavonoids which are present in many dietary supplements or herbal remedies including Ginkgo Biloba, Soy Isoflavones & Milk Thistle with ATP-binding cassette (ABC) efflux transporters, mainly P-glycoprotein, MRP1, MRP2 and BCRP. Morris 2006 


  Ginkgo biloba pretreatment potentiated acetaminophen toxicity in cultured rat hepatocytes and ginkgolide A contributed to this novel effect of the extract by inducing cytochrome P450 3A. Rajaraman 2006 


  It is suggested that the combination of Ginkgo biloba extract and drugs like tolbutamide & midazolam should be cautious in terms of the potential interactions, especially in elderly patients or patients treated with drugs exerting relatively narrow therapeutic windows. Uchida 2006 


  Identification of potential drug-drug interactions between drugs used by patients recently discharged from hospital & subsequent estimation of clinical implications of these interactions reveals that 11 of potential class 2 interactions involved over-the-counter products (aspirin & Ginkgo biloba). Glintborg 2005 


  Ginkgo biloba (ginkgo) caused bleeding when combined with warfarin or aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid), raised blood pressure when combined with a thiazide diuretic and even caused coma when combined with trazodone in patients. Hu 2005 


  It is found that the components of ginseng and ginkgo biloba are capable of inhibiting CYP2C9- and CYP3A4-mediated metabolic reactions and quercetin & ginsenoside Rd have the potential to interact with conventional medicines that are metabolized by CYP2C9 and CYP3A4 in vivo. He 2004 


  It is indicated that Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) reduces the therapeutic potency of phenobarbital via enhancement of cytochrome P450 expression in rats, and raises the possibility that GBE and drug interactions may occur clinically. Kubota 2004 


  Herbs with the potential to significantly modulate the activity of drug-metabolizing enzymes (notably cytochrome p450 isozymes) and/or the drug transporter P-glycoprotein include garlic, ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba), echinacea, ginseng, St John' s wort and kava. Sparreboom 2004 


  Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE)-induced hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes in rats, especially CYPs, were rapidly recovered by discontinuation of GBE in rats even after excess treatment, and interactions of GBE with drugs could be avoided by discontinuation of GBE. Sugiyama 2004 


  It is shown that Ginkgo biloba can induce omeprazole hydroxylation in a CYP2C19 genotype-dependent manner and concurrently reduce the renal clearance of 5-hydroxyomeprazole. Yin 2004 


  The concomitant oral use of Ginkgo biloba leaf extract appeared to reduce the first-pass metabolism of orally administered nifedipine, by inhibiting CYP3A, possibly but not P-glycoprotein, in rats. Yoshioka 2004a 


  Ginkgo biloba leaf extract (GBE) and nifedipine (NFP) should not be simultaneously ingested as much as possible, and careful monitoring is needed when administering NFP concomitantly with GBE to humans. Yoshioka 2004b 


  Review on potential interactions between herbal medicines and conventional drug therapies used by older adults attending a memory clinic showed that the most common potential herb-drug interaction was between ginkgo and aspirin. Dergal 2002 


  A 78-year-old man who was on lisinopril 20 mg daily & ginkgo biloba 50 mg t.i.d, developed headache, confusion & progressive right-sided weakness after a fall & a subdural hematoma was diagnosed by CT scan & it was suggested that Ginkgo biloba either caused or predisposed to subdural hematoma. Miller 2002 


  This review briefly summarizes important adverse interactions of commonly used herbal remedies with prescription cardiovascular medications. Aggarwal 2001 


  Review of literature describing possible interactions between herbal therapies, including Ginkgo biloba, and conventional drug therapy to treat dementia. Gold 2001 


  Literature search of herb-drug interaction was performed using Medline, Cochrane Library, Embase and phytobase. Ginkgo biloba interactions include bleeding when combined with warfarin, raised blood pressure when combined with a thiazide diuretic and coma when combined with trazodone. Izzo 2001 


  This review discusses potential interactions between warfarin and Ginkgo biloba. Evans 2000 


  Gingko biloba, among others, if taken with warfarin, may eliminate its therapeutic effect or may be toxic to the organism. [Article in Czech] Tumova 2000 


  Literature review of potential interactions between warfarin and ginkgo, among others, resulting in intracerebral hemorrhage. Vaes 2000 


  Reports of Ginkgo biloba extract causing spontaneous bleeding, and having drug interactions with anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents, are reviewed. Cupp 1999 


  Literature review of dietary supplement and drug interactions, including bleeding complications with Ginkgo biloba, with or without concomitant drug therapy. Smolinske 1999 


  Social interaction among rats was decreased by Ginkgo EGb 761 (injected or oral), increased by diazepam, and increased further when both administered. Chermat 1997 


  Pilot study with 23 depressed patients on whether Ginkgo helps or harms amitriptyline treatment [Article in French] Loas 1996 


Contraindications 

  Vitamin E and Ginkgo biloba have anticoagulant and anti-platelet effects respectively, and high doses are contraindicated in those being treated for vascular disorders. Bartlett 2005 




EVIDENCE OF ACTIVITY


 

Animal Studies 

  The protective potential of Ginkgo biloba extract in the prevention of adriamycin-induced hyperlipidemic nephrotoxicity in rats was associated with the decrease in the oxidative stress and the total nitric oxide levels of renal tissues. Abd-Ellah 2006 


  Ginkgo biloba (herbal product), used as a folkloric medicine in the treatment of dementia, was evaluated for its effects on reproductive, cytological & biochemical toxicity in male Swiss albino mice. The results warrant careful use of G. biloba as a remedy for impotence and/or erectile dysfunction. Al-Yahya 2006 


  [Protective effects of extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761) on nerve cells after spinal cord injury in rats.] Ao 2006 


  It is demonstrated that extract of Ginkgo biloba could inhibit inducible nitric oxide synthase expression and have neuroprotective effect by preventing nerve cells from apoptosis after spinal cord injury in rats. Ao 2006 


  Long-term pre-treatment of a standard form of the extract of Ginkgo biloba leaf administered either alone or in combination with drugs significantly effective neuroprotection on infarct volume in gerbil ischemic brains. Chung 2006 


  Prophylactic oral administration of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) in the dose 40 mg/kg/day during the 7 days protects the most vulnerable CA1 pyramidal cells against 20 min of ischemia in male Wistar rats. Domorakova 2006 


  Bleomycin induced oxidative stress in rats can be prevented by Gingko biloba treatment via high anti-oxidant enzyme activity together with decreased radical production from xanthine oxidase. Erdogan 2006 


  Ginkgo biloba extract has protective effects against spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion injury in rabbits by scavenging oxygen free radicals and inhibit the apoptosis of neural cells. Fan 2006a 


  The protective effects of the ginkgo leaf extracts against spinal cord injury induced by ischemia-reperfusion in rabbits may be related to scavenging oxygen free radicals, reducing lipid peroxidation injury and inhibiting apoptosis. [Article in Chinese] Fan 2006b 


  Extract from Ginkgo biloba resists oxidative stress and thereby reduces chronic liver injury and liver fibrosis in rats with liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride. He 2006 


  The neuroprotective action of Ginkgo biloba extract in pentylenetetrazol-kindled mice may correlate with its ability to inhibit not only excessive reactive oxygen species formation but also seizure generation. Ilhan 2006 


  Ginkgo biloba has a potent antioxidant activity in the model of bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis in rats, and therefore has a potent antifibrotic activity against bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis model in rats. Iraz 2006 


  Ginkgo biloba extract feeding on salt-induced hypertensive Dahl rats reduced salt-related elevation of blood pressure and restored the impaired acetylcholine-induced vasodilation in aortic segments. Kubota 2006 


  Ginkgo biloba extract enhanced endothelium-dependent vasodilation and elevation of the endothelial intracellular Ca(2+) level in spontaneously hypertensive rats, resulting in hypotension. Kubota 2006 


  Although the potency of inhibition was lower than that of prednisolone in ICR mice, the Ato Formula which contains flavonoid mixtures including Ginkgo biloba L. leaves may be beneficial for treating chronic skin inflammatory disorders such as atopic dermatitis. Lim 2006 


  When topically applied to ICR mouse ear, ginkgetin (20-80 microg /ear / treatment)inhibited ear edema (22.8-30.5%) & prostaglandin E2 production (30.2-31.1%)induced by multiple treatment of 12-O-tetra decanoylphorbol-13-acetate for 7 consecutive days. Thus it may be useful in atopic dermatitis. Lim 2006 


  The molecular mechanism of one of the active ingredients of Ginkgo biloba was investigated to affect the levels of several apoptotic markers in six brain regions following global ischemia in senescence-accelerated mice. Lu 2006 


  It is speculated that the Ginkgo biloba extract may be a potential neuroprotective agent against apoptosis through the differential expressions of the Bax and Bcl-2 in the hippocampus of the Senescence Accelerated Mice. Mak 2006 


  Oral treatment of animals with ginkgoterpenes inhibited broncho-constriction & concomitant increase of levels of thromboxane B2 in circulation caused by histamine & platelet activating factor in normal guinea pigs or by ovalbumin in actively sensitized guinea pigs. Mauri 2006 


  The effects of ginkgo biloba extract on the extent and severity of ulcerative colitis (UC) caused by intracolonic administration of acetic acid was evaluated in rats which showed that Ginkgo biloba may be effective in the treatment of UC through its scavenging effect on oxygen-derived free radicals. Mustafa 2006 


  Ginkgo biloba phytosome treatment was found to increase superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase activities in all the brain regions of Wistar rats, compared with those treated only with sodium nitrite. Naik 2006 


  Administration of Ginkgo biloba phytosomes reduced pentobarbitone-induced sleeping time, exhibited both antiamnestic and antidepressant activities in the scopolamine-induced amnesia test and behavioural despair test, respectively in rodents. Naik 2006 


  Ginkgo biloba extract, EGb 761, is effective in reducing, at least partially, both cognitive impairments & hippocampal damage after transient, global cerebral ischemia in rats & suggest that its effect on behavioral recovery may be dissociated from the neuroprotective effect on hippocampus. Paganelli 2006 


  The Ginkgo leaf extract appears to be an efficacious agent that provides a safe dietary supplement for the elderly dog with age-related behavioural disturbances. Reichling 2006 


  The antidepressant effect of extracts of Ginkgo biloba was examined using two behavioral models, the forced swimming test in rats and tail suspension test in mice. Sakakibara 2006 


  It is implicated that the analgesic acetaminophen causes oxidative damage in hepatic tissues and Ginkgo biloba extract, by its antioxidant effects protects the tissues of Balb/c mice. Sener 2006 


  Ginkgo appears to enhance neither short-term working memory nor long-term reference memory, but it may promote learning of spatial information in rats. Shif 2006 


  Ginko biloba extract and dipyridamole could increase myocardial inducible NO synthase expression in transcriptive and translative levels in rabbits after myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, and the combined treatment of them shows a more significant effect. [Article in Chinese] Song 2006 


  The alterations of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGF) & influence of extract of Ginkgo biloba after subarachnoid hemorrhage in Wistar rats were investigated which revealed that up-regulated expression of two kinds of VEGF receptors may be an intrinsicprotective mechanism. Sun 2006 


  Ginkgo biloba extract, by balancing the oxidant-antioxidant status and inhibiting the generation of proinflammatory cytokines and neutrophil infiltration, protects against naphthalene-induced oxidative organ injury in BALB-c mice of either sex. Tozan 2006 


  It has been shown that Ginkgo biloba extract can protect the cardiovascular tissues against HgCl(2)-induced oxidative damage in Wistar albino rats. Tunali-Akbay 2006 


  It is found that the spatial learning and memory of aged rats is worse than that of young subjects, and EGb 761, a standardized extract from Gingko biloba leaves, acting as a 'cognitive enhancer', has benefit on synaptic plasticity and cognition in aged rats. Wang 2006 


  A typical ECG S-T segment elevation and an increase of plasma creatine kinase activity were inhibited in rabbits treated with either total flavones of rhododendra (TFR) or ginkgo biloba extract for 7 days, indicating a protective effect of TFR on ischemic myocardial injury. Yuan 2006 


  The protective effect of Ginkgo biloba extract on the kidney in the case of ischemia-reperfusion injury was studied using male rats. [Article in Chinese] Zhao 2005 


  Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb), an antioxidant & monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B)inhibitor, was evaluated for its anti-parkinsonian effects in a 6-hydroxydopamine rat model of the disease which suggested that EGb can be used as a therapeutic approach to check the neuronal loss following parkinsonism. Ahmad 2005 


  Co-administration of alpha-lipoic acid, Ginkgo biloba extract, melatonin or amrinone with vancomycin prevented increases in urea, creatinine & melondialdehyde levels in rats & also resulted in higher superoxide dismutase & GSH peroxidase activities & thus protected from nephrotoxicity. Celik 2005 


  The evaluation of the preventive effect of Ginkgo biloba extract on ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injuries in rats suggests that it may be mediated through: (1) inhibition of lipid peroxidation; (2) preservation of gastric mucus and NP-SH; and (3) blockade of cell apoptosis. Chen 2005 


  The effect of aluminum on high voltage-dependent calcium current (I(HVA)) and its modulation by ginkgolide B was investigated in rats which showed that ginkgolide B could prevent neurons from injury by inhibiting calcium influx. Chen 2005 


  Vitamin E and EGb 761 (Ginkgo) treatment, alone or in combination, appears to be beneficial in preventing endotoxin-induced oxidative renal tissue damage in rats and therefore shows potential for clinical use. Coskun 2005 


  Evaluation of the effect of the extract obtained from leaves of Ginkgo biloba tree EGb 761 on catalepsy induced by haloperidol in Albino Swiss mice showed that repeated administration increases the effects of drugs that modify motor behavior in mice. Fontana 2005 


  The protective effects of Ginkgo biloba extract (GbE) on learning and memory function in aluminum-treated rats and its potential mechanisms were examined which revealed that GbE is effective in improving the ability of spatial learning and memory of aluminum-intoxicated rats. Gong 2005 


  Anti-inflammatory effect of water-soluble portion of Ginkgo biloba extract, EGb 761 on inflammation caused by Candida albicans, an agent that causes fungal arthritis in BALB/c mice revealed that blockage of NO production from macrophages may be a mechanism for anti-inflammatory effect. Han 2005 


  Exposure to 4 doses of gamma radiation fraction decreased the carrageenan-induced paw oedema and that the administration of Ginkgo biloba extract further lessened the severity of this inflammatory response in irradiated rats. Hedayat 2005 


  The protective effect of ginkgo biloba extract on livers of aged rats indicates that the possible mechanisms might be its antioxidant activity and inhibition of tissue inhibitor-1 of metalloproteinase expression. Huang 2005 


  Age-related modulation in vasodilating actions induced by Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) and bilobalide, a main constituent of GBE, were examined using rat aorta ring strips which showed that GBE and bilobalide possess a similar characteristic for age-related modification. Nishida 2005 


  It has been indicated that combined Ginkgo biloba extract with venlafaxine enhances the protection of neurons and decreases damage to the brain of rats, while relieving the side effects of synthetic antidepressants. Qin 2005 


  The antioxidant and antifibrotic effects of long-term Ginkgo biloba administration on liver fibrosis induced by biliary obstruction in male Wistar albino rats was assessed which revealed that Ginkgo biloba protects the liver from oxidative damage following BDL in rats. Sener 2005 


  The efficacy of a natural medicine, the extract of Ginkgo biloba, in prevention and treatment of the post-stress memory dysfunctions in rats revealed that Gingko biloba extract diminishes stress-induced memory deficits in rats. Walesiuk 2005 


  It was found that Ginkgo biloba extract improved the spatial memory deficits induced by scopolamine and also caused repair to spatial memory deficits induced by diphenhydramine. [Article in Japanese] Yamamoto 2005 


  Ginkgo biloba extract can ameliorate kaolin-induced hydrocephalus in the upper cervical cord and inhibit kaolin-induced neuron apoptosis in rabbits. [Article in Chinese] Yang 2005 


  Flavonoid of ginkgo biloba have some protective effects on the damage of anti-oxidizing system of mice induced by acute alcohol adminstration. [Article in Chinese] Yao 2005 


  Ginkgo biloba extract (GbE) showed marked anti-inflammatory activity in the carrageenan model of paw oedema and suggested that GbE may be of clinical value as an anti-inflammatory and analgesic drug alone or in conjunction with NSAIDs. Abdel-Salam 2004 


  It has been shown that Ginkgo biloba prevents the development of early high altitude pulmonary edema in rats. Berg 2004 


  Ginkgo biloba extract can improve weight gain and mucosal healing in duodenal ulcer rats by the actions of cytoprotection and antioxidation. Chao 2004 


  The effect of Ginkgo biloba extract on the amyloid precursor protein metabolism has been investigated by both in vitro and in vivo models of rats. Colciaghi 2004 


  Total lactones of ginkgo possesses effect on antiaging via attenuating lipid peroxidation and NO and apoptosis of cerebral cells of D-galactose induced aging mice. [Article in Chinese] Dong 2004 


  The antioxidant role of Ginkgo biloba (GB) in preventing radiation-induced cataracts in the lens after total-cranium irradiation of rats with a single radiation dose of 5 Gy was determined. Ertekin 2004 


  Pretreatment and early posttreatment with Ginkgo biloba extract is an effective neuroprotectant in a rat model of chronic glaucoma. Hirooka 2004 


  The possible interactions between exposure to Ginkgo biloba extract and enriched environments on the acquisition and retention of spatial learning following massed and spaced trials in rats revealed that ginkgo has powerful effects on short-term retention. Hoffman 2004 


  Reactive oxygen species play a role in the mechanism that has been proposed to explain the biological side effects of mobile phones (MP), and Ginkgo biloba prevents the MP-induced oxidative stress to preserve antioxidant enzymes activity in rat brain tissue. Ilhan 2004 


  Ginkgo biloba extract suppresses the inflammation of EIU by blocking the iNOS protein expression and its anti-inflammatory effect on rat eye is comparable with that of prednisolone used in similar doses. Ilieva 2004 


  The neuroprotective effects of a standardized extract of Ginkgo biloba L.(EGb 761) were investigated on 6-hydroxydopamine(6-OHDA)-induced neurotoxicity in the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system of the rat brain and indicated a possible role for the extract in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Kim 2004 


  Naoweikang, a combination of extrats of ginseng and ginkgo biloba significantly increased the level of acetylcholine in whole brain of Abeta treated rats and a sensitive, selective and reliable method for routinely determining ACh in rat whole brain was established. Liu 2004 


  Comparative vasodilating actions of the constituents of Ginkgo biloba extract, terpenoids (bilobalide, ginkgolides A, B &C) & flavonoids (quercetin and rutin), were examined using rat aorta ring strips which showed that all constituents of GBE had concentration-dependent vasorelaxtant effect. Nishida 2004 


  Ginkgo biloba extract EGb761 was found to be effective in preventing some functional and morphological deteriorations in cis-diamminedi-chloroplatinum (CDDP)-induced peripheral neuropathy in Swiss albino mice. Ozturk 2004 


  In senescent mice, Ginkgo biloba leaf extract EGb 761 reduced impact of stress on evaluation and hesitation & restored some stress-related neurobehavioral changes that were only seen in young mice, i.e. acceleration of information processing & reduction in brain 5-5-hydroxyindolacetic acid levels. Pardon 2004 


  A statistically significantly higher frequency of paroxysmal seizures was established after usage of ginkgo biloba extract in chinchilla rabbits and the extracts found to have a proconvulsive activity. [Article in Serbian] Pilija 2004 


  It is suggested that most Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) samples available in Japan induce cytochrome P450s in rats regardless of the preparation method of the GBE, and that proanthocyanidin is not responsible for the induction. [Article in Japanese] Sugiyama 2004 


  The simultaneous and continuous intake of Ginkgo biloba extract significantly affects the hypoglycemic action of tolbutamide, possibly via a hepatic cytochrome P450 enzyme-mediated mechanism, particularly in the aged rats. Sugiyama 2004 


  The possible chemopreventive ability of extract of leaves of ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) or bilobalide was demonstrated in male F344 rats, through alterations in cryptal cell proliferation activity and drug metabolizing enzymes' activities, in colon tumorigenesis. Suzuki 2004 


  Ginkgo biloba extracts & their flavonoid fraction significantly inhibited alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase activity in vitro, and reduced the elevation of rat plasma glucose levels after oral administration of sucrose & glucose in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. [Article in Japanese] Tanaka 2004 


  Immune response of Ginkgo biloba on healthy & stressed Wistar rats submitted to hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation was evaluated & cellular immune response was measured using delayed-type hypersensitivity response to sheep RBC's & immunostimulatory activity of G. biloba was confirmed. Villasenor-Garcia 2004 


  The effect of streptozotocin-induced diabetes by i.p. bolus injection of streptozotocin at 60 mg per kg bodyweight over 4 months and additional acute respiratory hypoxia (20 min. duration, 5% oxygen v/v), and also the protective effect of Ginkgo biloba extract on Wistar rat liver was investigated. Welt 2004 


  The acute and chronic effect of Ginkgo biloba leaf extract on synaptic transmission and plasticity in hippocampal slices from young adult and aged (18-24 months) C57Bl/6 mice was tested because hippocampal plasticity is believed to be a key component of memory. Williams 2004 


  It is demonstrated that Ginkgo biloba Extract EGb 761 has protective effect on hepatic endothelial cells and hepatic microcirculation in rats with chronic liver injury induced by CCl4. The mechanisms may involve its inhibition on ET-1, PAF and lipid peroxidation. Zhang 2004 


  To observe the effects of L-tetrahydropalmatine on concentrations of neurotransmitter amino acids in mice with cerebral ischemia, mice were divided into control group, cerebral ischemia group, L-THP treated group and Ginkgo biloba extract treated group. [Article in Chinese] Zhang 2004 


  It is demonstrated that the constituents of Ginkgo biloba leaf extract, ginkgolides A, B, C and J are effective blockers of glycine-activated chloride channels in the hippocampal neurons of rat. Chatterjee 2003 


  Ginkgo biloba extract (0.5%) significantly increased hepatic P-450 content and reduced the hypotensive effect of nicardipine in Wistar rats. Kubota 2003 


  Anxiolytic-like effects of Ginkgo biloba extract & its four components ginkgolide-A, ginkgolide-B, ginkgolide-C, & bilobalide were assessed using elevated plus-maze test in mice which showed that GBE produced anxiolytic-like effect on repeated administration & ginkgolide-A is responsible for this. Kuribara 2003 


  The retina apoptosis was induced by glutamate by intravitreal injection in adult rabbit and was inhibited by extracts of ginkgo biloba that may be through blocking the generation of nitric oxide free radicals. [Article in Chinese] Li 2003 


  Han-Dan-Gan-Le, a Chinese herb preparation composed of 5 herbs including Ginkgo biloba can effectively reverse chemically induced liver fibrosis in adult Wistar rats, which appears to be due to the stimulation of hepatic collagenolysis, resulting in a resolution of hepatic fibrosis. Li 2003 


  It is found that Ginkgo biloba extract can raise the levels of caspase-3 and amyloid precursor protein in the hippocampus of normal rats. Luo 2003 


  Effects of 2 doses of Ginkgo biloba extract were studied on corticosterone stress responses & acquisition of active avoidance after inescapable shock exposure in rats which showed repeated administration of GBE improved biological adaptation to noxious stimuli without behavioral effects. Markus 2003 


  Bilobil, a commercial preparation based on Ginkgo biloba extract, improves the functional state of kidney and increases the survival of rats with glycerol-induced acute renal insufficiency. [Article in Russian] Nazarenko 2003 


  Ginkgo biloba extract (100 mg/kg, ip, qd) could prevent and treat acute cerebral ischemia in rats. Peng 2003 


  The behavioral effects of a standardized extract from Panax ginseng roots from Ginkgo biloba leaves and of their combination were experimented on rats with undisturbed memory and on rats with experimentally-impaired memory. Petkov 2003 


  The anti-stress potential of Ginkgo biloba, 30 mg/kg, p.o. was compared with that of Panax ginseng, 100 mg/kg, p.o. against acute stress and chronic stress models in rats which showed that G. biloba is more effective in acute stress, whereas for chronic stress, P. ginseng will be a better option. Rai 2003 


  It is indicated that Ginkgo biloba extract EGb761, can attenuate myocardial stunning following a brief ischemic insult in the in situ pig heart by an effect that involves a decrease in the formation of free radicals. Rioufol 2003 


  Chronic Ginkgo biloba treatment can block an age-dependent decline in spatial cognition without altering Abeta levels and without suppressing protein oxidation in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Stackman 2003 


  Ginkgo biloba extract, by antagonizing the overproduction of endo- thelin-1, partly reverses cerebral vasospasm and improves microcirculation, and thus relieves secondary ischemic brain injury after experimental Wistar rat subarachnoid hemorrhage. Sun 2003 


  The effect of EGb 761, a standard extract of Ginkgo biloba leaf, on thymocyte apoptosis and age-related thymic atrophy and on peripheral immune dysfunctions was investigated in mice. Tian 2003 


  The effects of combination antioxidant therapy on longevity and neuropathology in mice was examined by supplementing the diet of ApoE-deficient mice with vitamin E, ginkgo biloba, pycnogenol, and ascorbyl palmitate. Veurink 2003 


  The effects of Ginkgo biloba extract (GbE) and tanshinone (Tan) on cytochrome P450 isozymes and glutathione transferase in rats was investigated which showed that GbE and Tan caused modulation of CYP isozymes. Yang 2003 


  Prophylactic application of Ginkgo biloba extract Egb761 exerts highly beneficial influence on the course of acute pancreatitis in 60 male Sprague Dawley rats, and this seems to be related to the oxygen radical scavenger effect of Egb761. Zeybek 2003 


  Analysis of the effect of Ginkgo biloba leaf extract (GbE) on electroencephalography of rat with cerebral ischemia and reperfusion shows that GbE could mitigate the cerebral damage caused by ischemia. Zhang 2003 


  Chronic administration of the extract EGb 761 from Ginkgo biloba leaves (100 mg/kg body weight, daily, from 4 to 7 months of age) in vitamin E-deficient adult rats modulates synaptic and mitochondrial plasticity. Bertoni-Freddari 2002 


  Hepatic function damage could be induced by acute lung injury (ALI) in aging rats but Ginkgo biloba extract showed a protective effect on ALI and hepatic function damage in this animal model. [Article in Chinese] Du 2002 


  Ginkgo biloba extract could protect damaged neurons of rats by keeping the balance of inhibitory/excitatory aminoacids, enhancing the free radical scavengers system, and inhibiting the effect of glutamate on [Ca(2+)]I. Hu 2002 


  Ginkgetin and a mixture of ginkgetin and isoginkgetin, G. biloba leaf biflavones, inhibited production of prostaglandin E2 from lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Inhibition was partially mediated by down-regulation of COX-2 expression, but not direct inhibition of COX-1 or COX-2 activity. Kwak 2002 


  Studies on paracetamol induced hepatic damage in rats indicated that the hepatoprotective nature of Ginkgo biloba (GB) might be due to its ability to prevent lipid peroxidation and replenishing the gllutathione level and the effects of GB were comparable to that of silymarin. Shenoy 2002 


  An investigation on the effect of Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) on acute lung injury(ALI) induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in aging rats found that GBE had protective effect on ALI induced by LPS Sun 2002 


  This investigates pre-trial effects of Zingicomb (Zingiber officinale and Ginkgo biloba) on inhibitory avoidance conditioning in adult male Wistar rats. The animals were treated and tested 24 h after training, rats receiving 10 mg/kg exhibited significantly longer step-through latencies controls. Topic 2002 


  Treatments of 1 mg/kg ZC improved escape learning in the Morris water maze using 22-24 months old Wistar rats. Topic 2002 


  This study investigated the effect of ginkgo biloba extract (Gbe), on UV-B-irradiated skin by measuring superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and Zinc levels in the skin, and found SOD and Zinc activity was decreased after UV-B exposure. Aricioglu 2001 


  An increase in the catalase and superoxide dismutase activities in the hippocampus, striatum and SN, and a decrease of the lipid peroxidation in the hippocampus were observed of rats treated with standardized extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761). Bridi 2001 


  Ginkgo biloba extract alone increased antioxidant plasma capacity, and when complexed with phosphatidylcholine, showed cardioprotective activity in rats. Carini 2001 


  Bilobalide, purified from Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761), administered orally to gerbils had neuroprotective effects against ischemic injury. Chandrasekaran 2001 


  The apparent modulatory influence of Gingko biloba EGb 761 on bleomycin-induced acute lung injury stems, in part, from its beneficial free radical scavenging properties that provide the extract with antioxidant activity. El-Khatib 2001 


  Gingko biloba standardized extract, fed to transgenic ALS mice, improved motor performance and survival, and had gender-specific neuroprotective effects. Ferrante 2001 


  Degenerative intramitochondrial areas increased significantly after diabetes and after acute hypoxia of rat myocardium; Gingko biloba (EGb) was protective only after additional hypoxia. Fitzl 2001 


  50 mg/kg of Ginkgo biloba decreased free radical production in hypoxic rats, but no antioxidant activity was observed in red blood cells. Louajri 2001 


  Ginkgo biloba extract fed to streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats increased nitric oxide synthase isoforms I and III in the vastus lateralis muscle. Punkt 2001 


  [Effect of Ginkgo biloba extract on brain edema after subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats.] Sun 2001 


  Administration of bacterial lipopolysaccharide to laboratory animals and cultured macrophages induces tumor necrosis factor-alpha, a pro-inflammatory cytokine. Pretreatment with Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) inhibited the in vivo production of TNF-alpha. Wadsworth 2001 


  Pre-treatment with Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) suppresses the in vivo production of nitric oxide (measured by the Griess reaction) after challenge with bacterial lipopolysaccharide to laboratory animals and cultured macrophages. Wadsworth 2001 


  In vivo mouse study showed the neuromodulatory effects of Ginkgo biloba leaf extracts by a 3-fold increase in mRNA expression in the cortex and hippocampus. Watanabe 2001 


  Ginkgo biloba extracts given to diabetic rats in hypoxia-induced state seem to protect some microvascular endothelium. Welt 2001 


  Mongolian gerbils pre-treatment with Ginkgo biloba extract showed dose-dependent reduction of brain ischemia and nitric oxide formation. Calapai 2000 


  Folium ginkgo biloba (Bailuda)therapy significantly reduces inflammation and fibrosis in rats with induced pulmonary interstitial fibrosis. [Article in Chinese] Chen 2000 


  The myocardium of streptozotocin-diabetic rats, treated with Ginkgo biloba extract, EGb 761, improved hypoxic tolerance. Fitzl 2000 


  Ginkgo biloba, nimodipine and dipyridamole inhibited aniogenesis in rats and mice with experimental retinopathy of prematurity. Juarez 2000 


  Immunotoxic properties, such as alkylphenols in Ginkgo biloba leaf extracts, could be detected in a simple popliteal lymph node assay in mice. Koch 2000 


  Ginkgo biloba, a blood flow promoting drug, provided no significant therapeutic value in guinea pig from noise-induced hearing loss. Lamm 2000 


  The terpenoid constituents and the flavonoid metabolites of Ginkgo biloba extract, EGb 761, were found to act in a complementary manner against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat hearts. Liebgott 2000 


  Ginkgo biloba extract appears to protect gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in male rats. Naidu 2000 


  Ginkgo biloba extract, EGb 761, reduces cerebral monoamine oxidase levels in stressed 18-month-old mice but not in 17-month-old mice. Pardon 2000 


  Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) did not show monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibition in mice. Porsolt 2000 


  Injection of an extract of Ginkgo biloba, increased the cerebral blood flow (P < 0.05-0.001) & the back legs of dogs. [Article in Chinese] Shen 2000 


  Monoamine oxidase A knock-out mice treated with ginkgo biloba extract reduced aggression to levels seen in wild types. Shih 2000 


  Ginkgo biloba extract reverses nitric oxide changes, and relieves cerebral vasospasm and ischemic damage in rats with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Sun 2000 


  Hypertensive rats on 2% ginkgo biloba extract diet showed anti-hypertensive and bradycardiac effects. Umegaki 2000 


  Ginkgo biloba extract showed dose-dependent protective effects on gastric mucosa in pretreated rats and mice. Wang 2000 


  Gingko biloba extract (EGb 761) and Gingkolide B reduce edema and cell injury in hyperthermic rats. Westman 2000 


  Chronic and acute treatment with Gingko biloba extract, EGb 761, improves olfactory short-term memory in young and old rats. Wirth 2000 


  Ginkgo biloba was shown to reduce chronic hypoxic pulmonary hypertension in rats, in part by attenuating the protein kinase C function. [Article in Chinese] Yang 2000 


  Ginkgo biloba leaf extract, EGb 761, has therapeutic effect on SHR rats by regulating hypertension and protecting the cerebral microcirculation. Zhang 2000 


  Ginkgo biloba extract was shown to reduce ischemic brain damage and increase cerebral blood flow in rats. Zhang 2000 


  Folium Ginkgo biloba extract improved learning and memory, lowered malonyldialdehyde, nitric oxide and PGE2 levels, in mice with cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. [Article in Chinese] Zhou 2000 


  Chromosome damage caused by radiation-induced clastogenic factors in rats was inhibited more effectively with Ginkgo biloba extract, EGb761, than with the extract without the terpene fraction. Alaoui-Youssefi 1999 


  Antioxidants, Ginkgo biloba extract, EGb761, and superoxide dismutase significantly improved vitreoretinopathy induced in rabbits. Baudouin 1999 


  The bioavailability of ginkgolides A, B and bilobalide in rats after oral administration of 30, 55 and 100 mg/kg Ginkgo extract, EGb 761, was dose-linear. Biber 1999 


  Ginkgo biloba extract, EGb 761, known to scavenge radicals, showed only little cardioprotective effects in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight. Fitzl 1999 


  Ginkgo biloba extract protects against sensorineural hearing loss but has no antitumor activity against cisplatin-induced toxicity in rats. [Article in Japanese] Fukaya 1999 


  In a preliminary study, mice supplemented with Ginkgo biloba extract achieved fewer errors in following a maze. Gajewski 1999 


  Streptozotocin induced deficits in learning, memory and cognition were partially compensated in animals treated with dried green leaf Ginkgo biloba extract, EGb761, and the disturbances in cerebral energy metabolism returned to almost completely normal values. Hoyer 1999 


  Ginkgetin, a biflavone isolated from Ginkgo biloba leaves, significantly reduced arthritic inflammation in rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis at a dose of 20 mg/kg/day. Kim 1999 


  Contrary to other blood flow promoting drugs, Ginkgo biloba, had no sustained effects on treating noise-induced cochlear ischemia, hypoxia, and hearing loss in guinea pigs. Lamm 1999 


  Ginkgo biloba extract was shown to have prophylactic effects on intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Onen 1999 


  110 mg/kg of Ginkgo biloba extract, EGb 761, protects Na,K-ATPase activity in mice with cerebral ischemia. Pierre 1999 


  Ginkgo biloba extract treatment was shown to have protective effects by increasing enzyme activities in oxidative fibres of soleus muscle in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Punkt 1999 


  Contrary to previous reports, Ginkgo biloba extract, EGb 761, does not significantly enhance or accelerate vestibular compensation following unilateral vestibular deafferentation in guinea pigs. Schlatter 1999 


  Rats pretreated with Ginkgo biloba extract, EGb761, showed reduced amphetamine-induced behavioral sensitization by lowering glucocorticoid levels. Trovero 1999 


  Ginkgo biloba extract, EGb 761, inhibited nitric oxide (NO) production and improved the recovery of postischemic cardiac function in isolated working rat hearts. Varga 1999 


  Ginkgo biloba extract, EGb 761, was shown to induce stimulus control in rats (10 mg/kg dose) and may be mediated by the 5-HT1A receptor activity. Winter 1999 


  Ginkgo biloba extract, EGb 761, not ginkgolides A and B, was shown to have dose-dependent neuroprotective effects against MPTP-induced nigrostriatal dopaminergic toxicity in mice. Wu 1999 


  Immature rats with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy and pretreated with Ginkgo biloba extract had lower platelet-activating factor, indicating this could possibly be a new treatment in brain injury. Akisu 1998 


  Platelet Activating Factor (PAF), which may have a role in neonatal encephalopathy, is lowered by either Ginkgo extract (EGb 761) or by flunarizine in rats Akisu 1998 


  Improved radical scavenging found in old rats treated for 4 weeks with EGb-761 150 mg/kg or Zinc 10.5 mg/kg along with meclofenoxate 100 mg/kg al-Zuhair 1998 


  EGb 761 and pentoxifylline reduced adriamycin radical induced necrosis in rats. Vitamin E failed Bekerecioglu 1998 


  Post surgical skin necrosis, presumed resulting from radicals, is reduced by deferoxamine, Ginkgo Egb 761, and vitamin C but not vitamin E Bekerecioglu 1998 


  Ginkgo extract did not reduce mortality in rats by E. coli infection Canturk 1998 


  Ginkgo EGb 761 reduced malondialdehyde and creatine kinase and increased catalase post surgically in rats Colak 1998 


  Guinea pigs were sensitized with 1,000 ppm of ginkgolic acids, but not with Ginkgo biloba leaf extracts, which can be safely ingested. Hausen 1998 


  Pretreatment with Ginkgo biloba extract protects against gentamicin ototoxicity in guinea pig cochlea. Jung 1998 


  EGb 761 (40 mg/kg/day) potentiates ticlopidine inhibition of ADP-induced platelet aggregation and thrombus in rats Kim 1998 


  Ginkgolide B, a major component of Ginkgo biloba extract, reduced the ligand binding capacity, protein, and mRNA expression of the adrenocortical benzodiazepine receptor and circulating glucocorticoid levels, in rats in vivo. Papadopoulos 1998 


  Re-incorporation of arachidonic acid into brain membranes after transient ischemia is doubled by 50 or 150 mg/kg/d EGb 761 Rabin 1998 


  Mitochondrial DNA from brain and liver of old rats has more oxidative damage than younger ones. Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 partially offsets this Sastre 1998 


  Ginkgolic acid conjugates (6-alkylsalicylates) and EGb 761 increased mobility of rats while only the former reduced anxiety Satyan 1998 


  EGb 761 at less than 100 mg/kg increased NO-Fe2+(DETC)2 complex, while 200 mg/kg decreased it. EGb 761 inhibited thiobarbituric reaction, creatine kinase, and reduced ventricular arrhythmias in a dose dependent way Shen 1998 


  Ginkgo biloba extract is helpful in reducing viscosity and elasticity of the whole blood, slowing blood coagulation and inhibiting platelet aggregation. Shen 1998 


  Preteatment with Ginkgo extract, 50 and 100 mg/kg, or ifenprodil alleviated memory impaired by 10 min. of oxygen starvation. Ginkgo flavonoids countered scopolamine effect Tadano 1998 


  Ginkgo leaf extract, EGb 761 at 50 mg/kg, improved maze learning and lengthened lifespan of rats Winter 1998 


  EGb761 speeded functional recovery from hemiplegia induced by unilateral motor cortex ablation; effect slower in older rats Brailowsky 1997 


  Learning effect of Ginkgo extract EGb 761 differs with age. Hippocampus may be important in the mechanism Cohen-Salmon 1997 


  EGb 761 at 25-100 mg/ kg/day decreased behavioral manifestation of tinnitus induced by 275 mg/kg/day of salicylate acid in rats Jastreboff 1997 


  Pretreatment with 0.5 mM theophylline, 10 microgm/ml indomethacin, or 30 microgm/ml tebokan (Ginkgo extract) counters adenosine induced pulmonary vasoconstriction Kucukhuseyin 1997 


  Evaluating effect of Ginkgo and radical scavengers on retinal ischemia Menerath 1997 


  60 mg/kg EGb 761 or 4 mg/kg ginkgolide A for 15 days improved recovery from ischemia. The terpenes didn't influence formation of the superoxide/DMPO adduct so mechanism appears to be inhibition of radical formation rather than scavenging Pietri 1997 


  Using rat myocardium enzyme markers, Ginkgo extract (EGb 761) for 3 months appears to increase oxidative capacity by 10% and decrease glycolytic capacity by 30% Punkt 1997 


  Bilobalide, from Ginkgo, reduced the convulsions induced by 4-O-methylpyridoxine (MPN) in a dose dependent manner in mice. 30 mg/kg to mice for 4 days increased liver 7-methoxycoumarin O-demethylase and metabolic elimination of MPN Sasaki 1997 


  Arteriol constriction (induced by ADP or low temperature) is prevented by Ginkbo EGb 761 or by platelet-depletion, indicating a role of the latter Stucker 1997 


  Experimental thrombosis model induced by laser beam. Application of aspirin and an extract of Ginkgo biloba: EGb 761. Belougne 1996 


  Ginkgo Plus reduced hypoxia-induced increase of pulmonary arterial pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance as well as the ratio of right ventricular weight vs left in rats Cheng 1996 


  100 mg/kg EGb 761 for three weeks improved 1-minute memory but not 24-hour memory. Enhancement in membrane fluidity wasn't correlated with memory change Stoll 1996 


  Tanakan (EGb 761) ameliorated effect of chronic stress on immune response in mice Turcan 1995 


Pharmacodynamics 

  Gingko biloba extract and other plant flavonoids might have potential as protective agents against apoptosis through scavenging reactive oxygen species upon cerebral or myocardial diseases associated with free radical generation. Altiok 2006 


  Ginkgo biloba extract pretreatment is able to completely reverse both basal and hydrogen peroxide-stimulated isoprostane production in rat brain in vitro and the Amyloid beta-peptide-induced isoprostane production was also inhibited, both in young and aged rats. Brunetti 2006 


  It is revealed for the first time that ginkgolide B retards the proliferation and development of mouse embryonic stem cells and blastocysts in vitro and causes developmental injury in vivo. Chan 2006 


  The novel findings indicate that Gingko biloba extract and the flavonol aglycones isorhamnetin, kaempferol, and quercetin preferentially inhibit the in vitro catalytic activity of human CYP1B1. Chang 2006 


  A distinct role of bilobalide and ginkgolide A in the modulation of CYP2B1 and CYP3A23 gene expression and enzyme activities by Ginkgo biloba extract in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes was indicated. Chang 2006 


  It is suggested that EGb 761, a standardized form of Ginkgo biloba leaf extract-induced insulin secretion is mediated by [Ca(2+)](i) elevation and subsequent activation of calium/calmodulin kinase (CaMK) II and protein kinase A. Choi 2006 


  Within the context of unprevented, ischemia-induced fever, the results demonstrate that Ginkgo biloba has no significant effect on brain infarct size in rats. de Lima 2006 


  A study was carried out to investigate whether Ginkgo biloba dimeric flavonoids were able to inhibit cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5) as well which revealed that that GBDF could exert a vasodilating effect through a mechanism independent of NO release. Dell'Agli 2006 


  Review on adjunctive preventive treatment for cancer indicates that Ginkgo biloba is widely-used and has few adverse effects. Eli 2006 


  [Ginkgo biloba extract: As a novel agent in prevention of valproic acid hepatotoxicity.] Foroughinia 2006 


  Evaluation of the effects of 15 herbal extracts including ginkgo leaf on uptake of estrone-3-sulfate, a typical organic anion-transporting polypeptide B (OATP-B) substrate, shows the inhibitory effect of ginkgo leaf extract was concentration-dependent and reversible. Fuchikami 2006 


  Both Ginkgo biloba extract & vitamin E reduced the oxidative stress resulting from senile plaques in vivo as monitored with intracranial imaging. Both treatments also lead to a progressive reversal of the structural changes in dystrophic neurites associated with senile plaques. Garcia-Alloza 2006 


  Ginkgo biloba leaf extract can ameliorate learning and memory deficit induced by aluminum chloride, which may be due to its inhibition of the acetylcholinesterase expression in hippocampus. Gong 2006 


  Determination of the beneficial effect of Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) against cisplatin-induced renal failure in rats shows that GBE has been shown to protect against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. Gulec 2006 


  The effects of four individual ginsenosides (Rb1, Rb2, Rc and Rd), two ginkgolides (A and B) and one flavonoid (quercetin) on CYP2C19-dependent S-mephenytoin 4 cent-hydroxylation and CYP2D6-mediated bufuralol 1 cent-hydroxylation were evaluated in human liver microsomes. He 2006 


  [Effect of ginkgo biloba extract on lipid peroxidation injury in the elderly patients with chronic corpulmonale.] [Article in Chinese] Jiang 2006 


  Ginkgolide B affects cardiomyocyte contractile function under normal (NG) and high-glucose (HG) environments in a paradoxical manner, which may be attributed to uneven action on Ca(2+) regulatory proteins under NG and HG conditions. Kim 2006 


  It is found that the effect of Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) on improving blood circulation may be partly attributed to its promoting thrombomodulin expression and t-PA secretion by endothelial cells, and quercetin participated in the effect of GBE on t-PA secretion. Lan 2006 


  Salvianolic acid B was much more efficient than Ginkgo biloba extract 761 in inhibiting beta-AP aggregation and in protecting PC12 cells from beta-AP-induced cytotoxicity. [Article in Chinese] Liu 2006 


  Salvianolic acid B and Ginkgo biloba extract were able to scavenge superoxide anion & hydroxyl radical, inhibit lipid peroxidation of microsomes, and protect SH-SY5Y cells against H2O2-induced oxidative damage. Liu 2006 


  There was no convincing evidence from trials of sufficient methodological quality to support the routine use of Ginkgo biloba extract to promote recovery after stroke. Liu 2006 


  Ginkgo biloba extract is able to ameliorate liver injury and prevent rats from CCl4-induced liver fibrosis by suppressing oxidative stress which may be related to inhibiting the induction of NF-kappaB on hepatic stellate cell activation and the expression of TGF-beta1. Liu 2006 


  Therapeutic effects of Ginkgo biloba extract against cerebral protection in Wistar rats which underwent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was evaluated & compared with Losartan, an antihypertensive drug. Loh 2006 


  It is demonstrated that extract of Ginkgo biloba leaves inhibited amyloid beta aggregation in vitro and attenuates reactive oxidative species in a model organism - the round worm Caenorhabditis elegans and it has clear therapeutic potential for prevention and/or treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Luo 2006 


  Ginkgolide B inhibited, the proliferation of VSMC and the secretion of chemokines by U937 cells stimulated by oxLDL, and inhibited the oxLDL-induced p65 activation and depletion of IKappaB. [Article in Chinese] Mao 2006 


  Bilobalide, a constituent of a standardized extract of Ginkgo biloba, strongly and specifically attenuates edema formation in models of brain ischemia in vitro and in vivo. It may be effective in brain edema which occurs secondarily to large hemispheric stroke and traumatic brain injury in humans. Mdzinarishvili 2006 


  Ginkgo biloba extract has a biphasic effect on estrogen, and can be considered as a potential alternative to hormone replacement therapy with chemopreventive effects on breast cancer. Oh 2006 


  Extract from Ginkgo biloba inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2 & tumor necrosis factor-alpha expressions through the down-regulation of NF-kappaB-DNA binding activity. Park 2006 


  It is suggested that preventing polymerization of F-actin may be a pathway by ginkgolide B(BN52021) to inhibit chemotaxis of macrophages (MPs)& this effect seems to be Ca2+ dependent. Inhibition of PAFinduced MP chemotaxis is an important mechanism underlying anti-inflammatory action of BN52021. Peng 2006 


  Treatment with standardized Ginkgo biloba extract decreased peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor mRNA levels and inhibited the proliferation of breast, glioma and hepatocarcinoma cell lines, and could be useful in preventing or treating cancer invasiveness and metastasis. Pretner 2006 


  Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb) through its free radical scavenging and antioxidant properties, attenuates irradiation-induced oxidative organ injury, suggesting that EGb may have a potential benefit in enhancing the success of radiotherapy. Sener 2006 


  The larvicidal bioassay against 3 strains of Culex pipiens pallens Coquillett showed that extracts of Ginkgo biloba exocarp have LC50 of 18.6, 12.7, and 25.0 mg/liter for deltamethrin-susceptible, deltamethrin-resistant, and field strains, respectively. Sun 2006 


  It is indicated that extract of Ginko biloba has potent antioxidant activity and could play a role to attenuate the cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury-induced oxidative protein modification and lipoperoxidation in the neuroprotective process. Urikova 2006 


  [Ginkgo at low concentrations] [Article in German] Vef-Georg 2006 


  Protective effects of the vitamin E derivative Trolox, the pyridoindole derivative Stobadine and of the standardized extracts of flavonoids from bark of Pinus Pinaster Pycnogenol and from leaves of Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761) were studied on moderate damaged ferritin. Voss 2006 


  The efficacy of a natural medicine, the extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGB 761), in prevention and treatment of the post-stress memory dysfunctions was investigated. Walesiuk 2006 


  The effective elements contained in Ginkgo biloba extract are mainly kinds of Ginkgo flavonoid and Ginkgolide, which have marked protective effects on cardio-cerebral vascular and central nerve systems. Wang 2006 


  Ginkgo biloba extract can suppress cell hypertrophy and the accumulation of extracellular matrix in rat mesangial cells, which means it could play a vital role in the delay of glomerulosclerosis in diabetic nephropathy. Wang 2006 


  Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 reduced diabetes-induced morphological alterations of kidney such as increase in volume of glomeruli, capillary tufts, urinary space, & thickening of Bowman's capsule basement membrane. It reduced total SOD activity from 163% in diabetic kidney to 46%. Welt 2006 


  Extract of ginkgo biloba and quercetin can inhibit AngII-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy through a ROS-dependent pathway in the primary cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. [Article in Chinese] Wu 2006 


         Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 and one of its components, ginkgolide A, alleviates AB-induced pathological behaviors, including paralysis, and reduces chemotaxis behavior and 5-HT hypersensitivity in a transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans. Wu 2006 


  It is demonstrated that acute systemic administration of standard extract of Ginkgo biloba facilitated the acquisition of conditioned fear by activating extracellular signal-regulated kinase. Yang 2006 


  Ginkgo biloba extract confers its anti-fibrotic effects through inhibiting hepatic stellate cells proliferation, reducing transforming growth factor-beta(1) and connective tissue growth factor expression and consequently suppressing the collagen production and ECM secretion. Zhang 2006 


  It is shown that ginkgolide A, a major constituent of Ginkgo biloba, effectively prevents homocysteine-induced endothelial dysfunction and molecular changes in porcine coronary arteries. Zhou 2006 


  It is indicated that the addition of either ginkgo biloba extract and a chemical monomer V could influence the pharmacokinetic parameters of ginsenosides and the influence was different when different administering routes were adopted. Bochu 2005 


  The biological activity of methanolic the extracts of leaves, roots, leaf-derived callus, root-derived callus, ginkolide A, ginkgolide B, bilobalide and a commercial Ginkgo product (Tanakan) was assessed. Boonkaew 2005 


  Ginkgolide treatment of mouse blastocysts induces apoptosis, decreases cell numbers, retards early postimplantation blastocyst development, and increases early-stage blastocyst death. Chan 2005 


  The effects of the standardised extract Ginkgo biloba 761 on hepatic CYP450 in rats was investigated and the results indicate that the effects of EGb 761 on drug metabolising enzymes are specific for rats. Chatterjee 2005 


  Investigation of electrophysiological effects of Ginkgo biloba extract on cation channel currents in ventricular myocytes isolated from rat hearts using whole-cell patch clamp technique, shows that it is a potent non-selective cation channel modulator in cardiaomyocytes. Chen 2005 


  Hematoxylin and eosin staining, Masson's trichrome stainings and electron microscope study showed liver fibrosis in rats was greatly alleviated when treated with Ginkgo biloba extract and it can partially protect rat liver from fibrogenesis induced by CCl4. Ding 2005 


  Stabilization and protection of mitochondrial function as a specific and very sensitive property of Ginkgo biloba extract at therapeutically relevant doses were clearly studied. Eckert 2005 


  The anti-apoptotic effect of Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761) in gossypol-treated human lymphocytes was investigated. Ergun 2005 


  [The situation of patients with dementia may be rectified by Gingko Biloba] [Article in German] Heinen-Kammerer 2005 


  It is found that the currently available data do not support the notion of superiority of cholinesterase inhibitors over EGb 761. Hoerr 2005 


  The antioxidant effects of trolox, the pyridoindole derivative stobadine and of the standardized extracts from bark of Pinus Pinaster PycnogenolR and from leaves of Ginkgo biloba were studied on oxidatively injured sarcoplasmic reticulum of rabbit skeletal muscle. Horakova 2005 


  Ginkgo biloba extract (GbE) inhibited production of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1beta and TNF-alpha, but up-regulated the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines, IL-10 and IL-10R in brain of rats, which might be related with its anti-atherosclerotic action. Jiao 2005 


  In order to reveal one of possible mechanisms for neuronal protective action of extract of Ginkgo biloba leaves (EGBL), the effect of EGBL on kainate- and KCl-induced increases in intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)]i) of rat cerebellar neurons was examined. Kanada 2005 


  The extracts of Abies nephrolepis, Acer tegmentosum, and Ginkgo biloba revealed a competitive inhibition against the membrane-associated 60 kDa sphingomyelinase activity with the inhibition constant of 11.9 microg/ mL, 9.4 microg/mL, and 12.9 microg/mL, respectively. Kim 2005 


  It has been investigated whether Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) induces apoptosis of oral cavity cancer cells and attempted to characterize the apoptotic pathway activated by EGb 761 which showed that EGb 761 induces apoptosis by the activation of caspase-3 in oral cavity cancer cells. Kim 2005 


  Ginkgolide B primarily induces activation of intracellular signaling events and has the potential to prime cellular functions such as polymorphonuclear leukocytes defense activities. Lenoir 2005 


  Gingko biloba extract (GbE) could improve the abnormal responses and maintain the normal function of astroglical network and these effects support that GbE has potential beneficial actions against brain injury. Li 2005 


  It is suggested that Gingko biloba extract could exert its neuroprotective effects by improvement of Cx43 expression and GJIC induced by hypoxia/ischemia-reoxygenation/ reperfusion injury. Li 2005 


  It is suggested that Ginkgo biloba extract as a preventive antioxidant can protect against ethanol-induced testicular injury, which may be associated with HO-1 activity enhancement, free radicals elimination, lipid per-oxidation reaction inhibition. [Article in Chinese] Li 2005a 


  Ginkgo biloba extract is able to ameliorate liver injury and prevent rats from CCl(4)-induced liver fibrosis by suppressing oxidative stress which may be related to inhibiting the expression of TGFbeta1 and the induction of NF-kappaB on hepatic stellate cell activation. [Article in Chinese] Liu 2005 


  The influence of some Chinese crude drugs, including Ginkgo biloba and Bulbus allii macrostemi on Ca(2+) influx in isolated rat aortas was investigated by using (45)Ca as a radioactive tracer, and their calcium antagonistic effects were evaluated. Liu 2005 


  Assessment of the in vitro susceptibility of 15 Helicobacter pylori strains to botanical extracts, which are used in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders shows that methanol extracts of Matricaria recutita and Ginkgo biloba (leaves) had a MIC > 100 microg/mL. Mahady 2005 


  14 dietary supplements that are sometimes marketed for weight control or loss which includes fiber, garlic, Ginkgo biloba, ginseng and St. John's wort are examined. Nachtigal 2005 


  The ID50 values of 22 xanthones from Guttiferae plants on exogenous platelet activating factor (PAF)-induced hypotension were greater than that of ginkgolide B (BN-52 021), a natural PAF-antagonist from the Ginkgo biloba. Oku 2005 


  The preparations of Ginkgo biloba contain various chemical constituents, and have activities of relaxing blood vessel, oxidation, improving learning and memory. [Article in Chinese] Pan 2005 


  The retention time of the memory-enhancing herbal extract Yukmijihwang-tang and its derivative group was significantly delayed (ca. 100%), whereas with Ginkgo biloba and Soya lecithin treatment, this was only delayed 20% and 10%, respectively. Rho 2005 


  It is shown that thermal trauma-induced oxidative damage in hepatic and renal tissues is protected by the administration of Ginkgo biloba extract, with its antioxidant effects. Sakarcan 2005 


  It is indicated that cardiac ionic channels contributing to the pacemaking are highly sensitive to Ginkgo biloba extract and bilobalide, which can sufficiently modify the spontaneous activity in rat sino-atrial nodal cells. Satoh 2005 


  Reactive oxygen metabolites play a causal role in I/R-induced renal injury and Ginkgo biloba extract exerts renoprotective effects probably by the radical scavenging and antioxidant activities. Sener 2005 


  The neuroprotective effect of widely used cognition-enhancing drugs, such as tacrin, memantine, dimebon, N-acethylserotonine, and extract of Gingko biloba, may also be a result of their interaction with mitochondria. [Article in Russian] Shevtsova 2005 


  The effect of three herbal extracts, Hypericum perforatum, Ginkgo biloba L. and Apocynum venetum L., and their components on lipid hydroperoxide-induced oxidative stress in PC-12 cells was examined. Shirai 2005 


  With the exception of ethanol extract of Hyptis fasciculata, the remainder four extracts including Copernicia cerifera exhibited a DPPH radical scavenging activity higher than that obtained from Ginkgo biloba, a reference plant with well documented antioxidant activity. Silva 2005 


  Ginkgetin inhibits cyclooxygenase-2 dependent phases of prostaglandin D(2) (PGD(2)) generation in bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMC) in a concentration-dependent manner with IC(50) values of 0.75 microM. Son 2005 


  The in vivo dynamic behavior of ginkgolide B, a terpene lactone constituent of the Ginkgo biloba extracts, in the living animal was visualized by positron emission tomographic (PET) imaging using a GB analogue labeled with the positron emitter (18)F. Suehiro 2005 


  [Protective effects of Ginkgo biloba extract 761 against glutamate-induced neurotoxicity in cultured retinal neuron.] Wang 2005 


  Ginkgolide B effects a increase in protein kinase A activation, which subsequently enhances the Ca2+ entry through voltage-dependent N- and P/Q-type Ca2+ channels to cause a increase in evoked glutamate release from rat hippocampal nerve terminals. Wang 2005 


  Quercetin (main representative of flavonol class, found at high concentrations in onions, apples, red wine, broccoli, tea & Ginkgo biloba) influences some carcinogenesis markers & has small effects on plasma antioxidant biomarkers in vivo, although some studies failed to find this effect. Williamson 2005 


  The potential of three top-selling herbal products, Ginkgo biloba, Echinacea purpurea, and Serenoa repens to inhibit the in vitro enzymatic activity of three of the most important drug metabolizing enzymes, cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4, 2D6, and 2C9 was studied. Yale 2005 


  It is the first evidence that Extract of Ginkgo biloba EGb 761 can enhance fear memory formation rather than serve as an anti-stress buffer. Yang 2005 


  Ginkgo biloba extract and flavone & vitamin E showed statistically significant beneficial effects in Hallervorden-Spatz syndrome & pantothenate-kinase-associated neurodegeneration. Yang 2005 


  Ginkgo biloba extract is capable of reducing serum hyperlipidemia,the concentration of Advanced Glycosylation end-products, thus it can reduce the impairment of the oxidants to endothelium cells of vessels and improve pathological and functional change of artery of diabetes. [Article in Chinese] Ye 2005 


  A study was carried out to verify whether alpha-2 adrenergic activity is involved in the facilitative effects of extract of Ginkgo biloba on prefrontal cognitive function and its actions were confirmed to be related to alpha-2-adrenoceptors. Zhang 2005 


  Extract of Ginkgo biloba can markedly reduce the injury of nerve cell in the transitional zone, alleviate rat cerebral injury, and decrease ICAM-1 and mRNA expression and neutrophils infiltration. [Article in Chinese] Zhang 2005 


  Ginkgo biloba leaf extract can protect normal human epidermal keratinocytes from trichloroethylene-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis, which may be associated with the superoxide scavenging effect and enhancement of antioxidant enzyme activities. Zhu 2005 


  The leaf extract of Ginkgo Biloba L. inhibits the oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced production of fibronectin probably through inhibitory effects on ROS generation and SP-1 activation in rat mesangial cells. Akiba 2004 


  This is the first report which describes the presence of a serotransferrin precursor protein homolog belonging to transferrin family & sharing epitopes with melanotransferrin in adrenal, its induction by ACTH & sensitivity to ginkgolide B, the purified component from Ginkgo biloba extract. Amri 2004 


  Nanomolar concentrations of ginkgolides protect neurons against otherwise toxic effects of amyloid-beta1-42 or sPrP106. They also prevented neurotoxicity of platelet activating factor (PAF) & reduced production of prostaglandin E2 in response to PAF amyloid-beta1-42 or sPrP106. Bate 2004 


  Ginkgo biloba extract significantly can suppress proliferation and increase cytotoxicity in HepG2 and Hep3B cells and it can also decrease proliferating cell nuclear antigen and increase p53 expression in HepG2 cells. Chao 2004 


  The effects of Ginkgo biloba extract and its main functional constituents, terpene lactones, flavonol glycosides and aglycones, on the chemotaxis and PKG activity of ciliates, were systematically investigated. Chen 2004 


  Incubation of isolated human mononuclear cells with Ginkgo biloba extract dose & time dependently increased number of endothelial progenitor cells, maximum at 25 mg/L, 24 hours & it also promoted endothelial progenitor cells proliferative, migratory, adhesive, & in vitro vasculogenesis capacity. Chen 2004 


  An appropriate scale screening with Ginkgo extraction: substance A:B:C = 100:20:50:0.01 was developed in according to verified pharmacological experiments with uniform optimized experimental design and orthogonal optimized experimental design. Chun-Hong 2004 


  The article reviews the effects of the feverfew, ginkgo biloba, garlic, ginseng, and ginger, valerian, kava, St. John's wort, ephedra and echinacea. Ciocon 2004 


  The terpenoidic fraction of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb761 inhibited only CYP2C9 (Ki = 15 +/-6 microg/mL) whereas the flavonoidic fraction of EGb761 showed high inhibition of CYP2C9, CYP1A2, CYP2E1, and CYP3A4 (Ki's between 4.9 and 55 microg/mL). Gaudineau 2004 


  The damage of tissues can be lowered by the application of a mixture of antioxidants, the most important are vitamin C, A, E, glutathione, selenium, carnosine, eventually bioflavonoids and ginkgo biloba. [Article in Czech] Holecek 2004 


  A study was conducted to evaluate whether extent of reperfusion-induced inhibition of protein synthesis initiation as well as tissue injury can be reduced by Tanakan (Ginkgo extract) in rats which showed that protective effect was observed, in both protein synthesis & of surviving neurons. Hrehorovska 2004 


  A proper concentration of Ginkgo biloba (10-50 microg/mL) promoted seeding efficiency of Schwann cells in a tissue-engineered poly(DL-lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) conduit for peripheral nerve regeneration. Hsu 2004 


  Using the two-electrode voltage clamp methodology, ginkgolides A, B, and C, the diterpene trilactones were found to be moderately potent antagonists at recombinant human alpha(1)beta(2)gamma(2L) GABA(A) receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Huang 2004 


  The effects of Ginkgo biloba L leaves (EGB761) on oxidation of human low density lipoproteins induced by Fe2+ or Cu2+ in vitro was studied & it was found that EGB761, ginkgo flavonids and ginkgo terpenlactones are effective antioxidant & the anti-oxidation vary with time. [Article in Chinese] Huang 2004 


  The effects of extracts from leaves of Ginkgo biloba L., ginkgo flavonoids and ginkgo terpenlactones on the oxidation of human plasma low density lipoproteins (LDL) induced by Fe2+ or Cu2+ were compared. [Article in Chinese] Huang 2004 


  40 new ginkgolide derivatives have been prepared in good to high yields on milligram scales and investigated for their antagonistic properties at homomeric alpha 1 glycine receptors, thus providing the first structure-activity relationship study of ginkgolides at glycine receptors. Jaracz 2004 


  Ginkgo biloba extract competitively inhibited rat hepatic microsomal CYP1A activity, but the effect was not due to ginkgolides A, B, C, or J, bilobalide, kaempferol, quercetin, isorhamnetin, or the respective flavonol monoglycosides or diglycosides. Kuo 2004 


  The effect of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) was studied in rat hearts submitted to ischemia/reperfusion and the EGb 761, by lowering ROS produced during ischemia, challenges nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB. Kusmic 2004 


  Co-administration of Ginkgo biloba extract and selegiline, a selective MAO-B inhibitor, produces significant neuroprotective effects via suppression of oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction without affecting neurological function. Kwon 2004 


  The effect of two major ginkgolides, A and B, on beta-amyloid peptide-modulated acetylcholine (ACh) release from hippocampal brain slices was carried out. Lee 2004 


  Preservation of cellular energy metabolism during cerebral ischemia and after restoration with reperfusion may contribute to the neuroprotective effects of Ginkgo biloba extract and FK506. Lin 2004 


  A competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for ginkgolic acids (GAs) was developed using monoclonal antibody (MAb) 9F raised against 6-(13-formylheptyl) salicylic acid covalently coupled to bovine serum albumin. Loungratana 2004 


  Administration of Ginkgo biloba extract improved CCl(4)-induced liver fibrosis, which is attributed to its effect of inhibiting the expression of tissue inhibitor-1 of metalloproteinase and promoting the apoptosis of hepatic stellate cells. Luo 2004 


  It is suggested that Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761) neuroprotective effect might be mediated by its well-known antioxidant activity, which might also influence caspase-3 activation. Inhibition of capase-3 induced by EGb 761 and vitamin E does not seem to contribute to their observed protective action. Massieu 2004 


  The effects of ginkgolide B on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)--induced TNFalpha production in mouse peritoneal macrophages and NF-kappaB activation in rat pleural polymorphonuclear leukocytes was studied. [Article in Chinese] Nie 2004 


  It is indicated that Ginkgo biloba extract and its major components had the weak estrogenic activities through the estrogen response pathway by an interaction with the ER. Oh 2004 


  Review on five selected herbal alternative medicines including Ginkgo biloba, kava-kava, ginseng, valerian, revealed several potential effects of herbal alternative medicines upon electroconvulsive therapy outcome. Patra 2004 


  Ginkgolide B significantly shortened APD in a concentration-dependent manner which mainly due to increase of potassium current in guinea pig ventricular myocytes. Qi 2004 


  The inhibition of VEGF-induced permeability by extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGb) suggests that EGb may have important clinical applications in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Qiu 2004 


  It is suggested that EGb761 supplements in C-57 black mice may be effective in reducing monoamine oxidase activity as well as enhancement in dopamine metabolism, thereby preventing 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium-neurotoxicity. Rojas 2004 


  It is demonstrated that irrespective of administration time, Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) significantly reduced thiobarbituric acid reactive substance levels in the erythrocytes of control and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficient patients subjected to oxidative stress. Sarikcioglu 2004 


  Effects of constituents from Ginkgo biloba extract on action potentials & ionic currents in guinea pig ventricular cardiomyocytes were investigated using whole-cell & current-clamp techniques which revealed that these constituents produce actions on APD & underlying ionic currents in cardiomyocytes. Satoh 2004 


  Ginkgo biloba extract and the constituents produce effective electropharmacological actions in the cardiomyocytes and cause vasodilation, mainly due to the inhibitions of Ca2+ influx through the Ca2+ channel and the activation of NO release in the endothelium and aortic vascular muscles. Satoh 2004 


  Terpene trilactones are believed to be partly responsible for the neuromodulatory properties of Ginkgo biloba extracts, and several biological effects of the terpene trilactones have been discovered in recent years. Stromgaard 2004 


  Ginkgolide B, a constituent of the tree Ginkgo biloba, was radiolabeled with the beta-emitter tritium ([(3)H]) in two steps from ginkgolide C & the tritiated ginkgolide was found to be an important tool for studying neuromodulatory properties of ginkgolides. Stromgaard 2004 


  29 natural products containing Ginkgo biloba were tested for their in-vitro capacity to inhibit the five major human cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms in human liver microsomes. von Moltke 2004 


  Incubation of isolated human total mononuclear cells with Ginkgo biloba extract increased the number of endothelial progenitor cell (EPC), maximum at 25 mg x L(-1), 24 hours. In addition, it promotes EPC proliferative, migratory, adhesive and in vitro vasculogenesis capacity. [Article in Chinese] Wang 2004 


  Combined use of Ginkgo leaf extract (EGb) & Deferoxamine (DFO) could effectively reduce ototoxicity of cisplatin (CDDP), which is better than using EGb singly & similar to that of using DFO alone. The combination could also prevent side-effect of CDDP in bone marrow inhibition. [Article in Chinese] Xu 2004 


  Influence of Ginkgo biloba exocarp polysaccharides on HL-60 cells proliferation and apoptosis may relate to its effects on the expression of proliferation-promotion gene c-myc and apoptosis-inhibitory gene bcl-2. [Article in Chinese] Xu 2004 


  Study of the influence of ginkgolic acids (GA) on human tumor cells and normal cells shows that GA had a obvious inhibitive effect on tumor cells in vitro. When the concentration was under 5.0 micrograms/ml, GA didn't influence the growth of normal cells. [Article in Chinese] Yang 2004 


  Study of the influence of ginkgolic acids (GA) on human tumor cells and normal cells shows that GA had obvious inhibitive effect on tumor cells in vitro. When the concentration was under 5.0 micrograms/ml, GA didn't influence the growth of normal cells. [Article in Chinese] Yang 2004 


  The latest progress in research on constituents and pharmacological activities of sarcotestas of Ginkgo biloba including bacteriostatic, bactericidal and pesticidal activities, antitumor and mutagenic, carcinogenic effects, etc. has been studied. [Article in Chinese] Yang 2004 


  The side chain of ginkgolic acid is the key functional group that possessed anti-bacterial activity. The length of Ginkgolic acid was the main effective factor of anti-bacterial activity. [Article in Chinese] Yang 2004 


  In aging rats, Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) treatment lowered circulating free cholesterol and inhibited the production of brain beta-amyloid precursor protein and amyloid beta-peptide. Yao 2004 


  Ginkgo biloba leaf extract has been reported to have antioxidatant properties, to modify vasomotor function, to reduce adhesion of blood cells to endothelium, to inhibit activation of platelets and smooth muscle cells, to affect ion channels, and to alter signal transduction. Zhou 2004 


  Review on recent pharmacological studies on natural products in China includes huperzine A, Ginkgo biloba extract and its active components. Zhu 2004 


  It is shown that nifedipine propafenone and ipriflavone inhibit the metabolism of quercetin, isorhamnetin and keampferol at different levels. [Article in Chinese] Zhu 2004 


  Ginkgo biloba extract could down-regulate the macrophage scavenger receptors activity in coronary heart disease patients, which was positively correlated with levels of C-reactive protein, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1. [Article in Chinese] Zhu 2004 


  The experimental results on the mechanism of neuroprotection induced by standardized extract of Ginkgo biloba leaves (EGb 761) and its constituents were summarized. Ahlemeyer 2003 


  It is suggested that some of the constituents of the non-flavone fraction of EGb 761 possess neuroprotective and anti-apoptotic capacity, and that bilobalide is the most potent one. Ahlemeyer 2003 


  The ginkgolide B (GKB)-activated inhibition of glucocorticoid production is due to a specific transcriptional suppression of the adrenal peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor gene and suggested that GKB might serve as a pharmacological tool to control excess glucocorticoid formation. Amri 2003 


  The effects of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb-76l), an anti-oxidant and platelet-activating factor antagonist, on basilar artery vasospasm in an experimental canine subarachnoid hemorrhage model was investigated. Bayar 2003 


  Agents that have shown to be beneficial in animal models of Parkinson's disease include creatine, coenzyme Q(10), Ginkgo biloba, nicotinamide, and acetyl-L-carnitine. Beal 2003 


  Vitamin D, ginkgo biloba, cannabinoids, and Padma 28 produce immunomodulatory actions and therapeutic effects in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. However, there are not enough clinical trial data or safety information to support their use in multiple sclerosis. Bowling 2003 


  The protective effect of bilobalide, a purified terpene lactone component of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761, (definition see editorial) and EGb 761 against ischemic injury and against glutamate-induced excitotoxic neuronal death was compared. Chandrasekaran 2003 


  Ginkgo biloba extract could reduce cytokine-stimulated endothelial adhesiveness by downregulating reactive oxygen species formation, nuclear factor-kappaB & activator protein 1 activation, & adhesion molecule expression in cytokine-induced monocyte/human aortic endothelial cells. Chen 2003 


  The inhibition of activator protein-1 signaling pathway in T cells by Ginkgo biloba provides a support for its efficacy in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and raises a therapeutic potential for this drug in activated T cell-mediated pathologies. Cheng 2003 


  Tests for oligomerization-blocking activity were carried out by dot-blot immunoassays and showed that neuroprotective extracts of Ginkgo biloba could inhibit oligomer formation at very low doses. Chromy 2003 


  Evaluation of neuroprotective effects of Ginkgo leaf extract(EGb761)in male gerbils subjected to focal cerebral ischemia produced by permanent occlusion of right middle cerebral artery showed that EGb761 group had significant reduction of infarct volume 4 & 6 mm from frontal pole by 40% & 30%. Chung 2003 


  Bilobalide was shown to reduce glutamate and aspartate release elicited by both high potassium-containing artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) or veratridine from mouse cortical slices. Davies 2003 


  In humans, Ginkgo extracts inhibit the formation of radiation-induced (chromosome-damaging) clastogenic factors and ultraviolet light-induced oxidative stress - effects that may also be associated with anticancer activity. DeFeudis 2003 


  It is reported that EGb 761 Ginkgo biloba extract was able to protect mitochondria from the attack of hydrogen peroxide, antimycin and Abeta. Eckert 2003 


  It is shown that both Ginkgo biloba extracts, EGb 761 and Cp 202 could prevent cell death in native and neuronal PC12 cells, while in neuronal PC12 cells also quercetin and E2 could reverse parkinsonism-inducing toxine 1-methyl-4-phenyl-pyridine neurotoxic effet. Gagne 2003 


  Ginlcgobiobal flavone from Ginkgo biloba is not only a vasodilator, but also has the effects of anti-inflammation, analgesia, lowering blood lipids, preventing senile and inhibiting tumor, treating leukaemia, regulating gene and biotransformation.[Article in Chinese] Geng 2003 


  Flavonoids of Ginkgo increased viability of rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells treated with hydrogen peroxide. Ginkgo biloba, Trolox and Stobadine decreased content of malondialdehyde, a product of lipid peroxidation but not effective in preventing oxygen radical-induced injury of proteins. Horakova 2003 


  Ginkgo biloba extract can protect damaged neurons through keeping the balance of inhibitory/excitatory amino-acids, enhancing free radicals scavengers system, and inhibiting the effect of glutamate to [Ca2+]i. [Article in Chinese] Hu 2003 


  Bilobalide, the sesquiterpene trilactone of Ginkgo biloba leaf extract was found to antagonise the direct action of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on recombinant alpha(1)beta(2)gamma(2L) GABA(A) receptors. Huang 2003 


  Many studies have suggested the beneficial antioxidant effects of antioxidant nutrients such as vitamin E, green tea extract, Ginkgo biloba extract, resveratrol and niacin in cerebral ischemia and recirculation brain injury in rodents. Ikeda 2003 


  The relative potency of terpene trilactones (ginkgolides and bilobalide) on glycine and GABA(A) receptors have been investigated. Both ginkgolides and bilobalide inhibit GABA(A) receptors, with bilobalide demonstrating a more potent effect. Ivic 2003 


  [Altitude sickness: Gingko biloba does not prevent altitude sickness.] Kenrick 2003 


  Bilobalide inhibits an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-induced chloride flux through glycine/GABA-operated channels, thereby preventing NMDA-induced breakdown of membrane phospholipids. Klein 2003 


  The antifungal activity of biflavones from Taxus baccata and Ginkgo biloba, namely amentoflavone, 7-O-methylamentoflavone, bilobetin, ginkgetin, sciadopitysin and 2,3-dihydrosciadopitysin towards the fungi Alternaria alternata, Fusarium culmorum, Cladosporium oxysporum was determined. Krauze-Baranowska 2003 


  The dynamic changes in energy-related metabolites in the cortex of gerbils subjected to focal cerebral ischemia after pretreatment with Ginkgo biloba extract was evaluated. Lee 2003 


  Oral administration of Ginkgo biloba EGb 761 (100 or 300 mg/kg/day) to pregnant dams for 5 days increased the number of hippocampal neurons (maintained in culture) of their fetuses, indicating a neurotrophic effect of the extract. Li 2003 


  Effects of 2 Ginkgo extracts, EGb 761 & of local Ginkgo leaf (LGb), on memory & motor functions of rats with chronic cerebral insufficiency (produced by bilateral common carotid artery ligation) was investigated which showed that both EGb 761 & LGb improved spatial memory from second week. Lin 2003 


  The potential neuroprotective effects of the Ginkgo biloba extract, EGb-761, and ginkgolide B, on adrenalectomy-induced cell death in the dentate gyrus was investigated. Maclennan 2003 


  The usefulness of mexiletine and its combination with Ginkgo biloba extract as a cerebroprotective agent in the model of experimental head injury was investigated. Menku 2003 


  Bilobalide and the ginkgolides have recently been shown to affect chloride conductance by interfering with the function of membrane proteins related to receptor-gated chloride channels. Muller 2003 


  Ginkgolide B was found to significantly inhibit platelet-activating factor - induced adhesion, chemotaxis and degranulation in rat polymorphonuclear leukocytes. [Article in Chinese] Nie 2003 


  Vasodilating actions of Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) and bilobalide, a main constituent, were examined using rat aorta ring strips. The vasorelaxation induced by GBE would be due to the inhibition of Ca(2+) influx through the Ca(2+) channel and the activation of NO release. Nishida 2003 


  The scientific literature on the central nervous system effects of Ginkgo biloba extract, with emphasis on the potential mechanisms of action was reviewed. Ponto 2003 


  The effects of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) on the cellular immune response of rats with immunosuppression induced by activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis were evaluated. Puebla-Perez 2003 


  It is believed that the beneficial effects of fish oil might be common to other agents, i.e., induce transthyretin expression, like nicotine and Ginkgo biloba extract. Puskas 2003 


  The effect of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 on differential gene expression in relation to its potential anti-carcinogenic, photoprotective and neuromodulatory properties was briefly described. Rimbach 2003 


  Long-term intake of dietary supplement like kola nut, grape, green tea & Ginkgo biloba, inducing CYP1A2 may increase incidence of colorectal cancers caused by procarcinogens activated by CYP1A2 in rapid N-acetyltransferase-2 acetylators & of lung adenocarcinoma in slow acetylators. Ryu 2003 


  It is indicated that even after acute administrations, Ginkgo biloba extract and bilobalide produced active actions on the APD and the ionic currents in guinea pig ventricular cardiomyocytes. Satoh 2003 


  The effect of Ginkgo biloba on whole brain catecholamine, serotonin and plasma corticosterone levels following 1, 2 and 4 h restraint stress using HPLC and also plasma corticosterone using luminescence spectrophotometry was investigated. Shah 2003 


  It is suggested that upregulation of hemeoxygenase-2 (HO-2) representing generation of carbon monoxide plays important roles in hyperthermic brain injury, and oxidative stress seems to be one of the most important signals in inducing HO-2 expression in hyperthermia. Sharma 2003 


  Treatment of the cells or Caenorhabditis elegans with Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 significantly attenuated the basal as well as the induced levels of H2O2-related reactive oxygen species. Smith 2003 


  [Response to "Molecular and cellular assessment of Gingko biloba extract as a possible ophthalmic drug", by G. Thiagarajan, S. Chandani, S. Harinarayana Rao, A.M. Samuni, K. Chandrasekaran & D. Balasubramanian [Experimental Eye Research 75 (2002) pp. 421-430].] Socci 2003 


  [Ginkgo biloba extract protection in acute paraquat poisoning of rat lung tissue.] [Article in Chinese] Su 2003 


  Pharmacological testing with cloned platelet-activating factor receptors showed ginkgolides with 7alpha-substitutents had increased affinity compared to 7beta-substituents, in particular 7alpha-chloro ginkgolide B, the most potent nonaromatic ginkgolide derivative with a K(i) value of 110 nM. Vogensen 2003 


  Current NCCAM projects are investigating Tai Chi exercise, hawthorn, phytoestrogens, biofeedback, Ayurvedic herbals, acupuncture, qigong, Reiki, meditation, spirituality, Ginkgo biloba, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid chelation therapy, and special diets in cardiovascular diseases. Wong 2003 


  Homocysteine, at pathophysiological concentrations, stimulates iNOS-mediated NO production in macrophages but Ginkgo biloba extract and its terpenoids can antagonize such stimulatory effect via antioxidation and attenuation of NF-kappaB activation. Woo 2003 


  The EtOAc soluble constituents of the unripe fruits of Ginkgo biloba showed motility inhibition followed by lysis of zoospores of the phytopathogenic Aphanomyces cochlioides. Begum 2002 


  Since multiple modes of action may apply to bilobalide, a sesquiterpene trilactone constituent of Ginkgo biloba leaf extracts, it could be useful in developing therapy for disorders involving cerebral ischemia and neurodegeneration. Defeudis 2002 


  It is suggested that EGb 761 may have beneficial effects upon neurogenesis in the olfactory epithelium through changing the balance between proliferation and differentiation. Didier 2002 


  Ginkgo biloba extract may affect cardiac function. Kubota 2002 


  Selective responses of three Ginkgo biloba leaf-derived constituents on human intestinal bacteria showed variable results. Lee 2002 


  Human neutrophil defense activities were sensitized through activation of platelet-activating factor receptors by ginkgolide B, a bioactive component of the Ginkgo biloba extract EGB 761. Lenoir 2002 


  Histochemical analysis of NADPH-diaphorase activity performed on segments of lumbar spinal cord in rabbit after 7 days pretreatment with Ginkgo biloba extract Tanakan, shows that it can scavenge free radicals produced during ischemia / reperfusion and may reduce reperfusion damage. Mechirova 2002 


  Ginkgo biloba extract significantly protected the mice from cardiotoxic effects of doxorubicin as evidenced by lowered mortality, ascites, myocardial lipid peroxidation, normalization of antioxidant enzymes, reversal of ECG changes and minimal ultrastructural damage of the heart. Naidu 2002 


  It is found that Ginkgo biloba extract EGb761 has protective effect on bovine vascular endothelial cells against damage induced by H O. Ren 2002 


  It is shown that standard Ginkgo biloba leaf extract treatments of PC12 cells prevented serum deprivation- and staurosporine-induced mitochondrial damage, & attenuated release of cytochrome c and DNA fragmentation. Smith 2002 


  Stably transfected HIVcat/HeLa cells preincubated with St. John's wort or Gingko biloba (Gb) extracts for 30 min, then irradiated with UV showed that in contrast to Gb, St. John's wort inhibited the UV-induced HIV gene expression in a dose-dependent manner. Taher 2002 


  Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761), may act as a potent inhibitor of NO production under the condition of ischemia/reperfusion, improving the recovery of postischemic cardiac function. [Article in Hungarian] Varga 2002 


  Ginkgo biloba may selectively inhibit intracellular calcium elevation and blunt vasopressor response in vitro. Wang 2002 


  It is found that treatment of the wild-type worms Caenorhabditis elegans with EGb 761, a standardized extract of Ginkgo biloba leaves, extended their median life span by 8% by counteracting oxidative stress, a major determinant of life span. Wu 2002 


  The anti-bacterial activity of the extract from testa of Ginkgo biloba and ginkgolic acids was studied which showed inhibition of the growth of Staphylocococus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, B. cereus and MRSA. [Article in Chinese] Yang 2002 


  A high vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression level was determined in U937 foam cells. Salvianolic acid B and Ginkgo biloba extract were found to inhibit VEGF expression significantly in U937 foam cells in vitro. [Article in Chinese] Yang 2002 


  Ginkgolic acid-induced cell death showed signs of apoptosis as well as of necrosis. Ahlemeyer 2001 


  Neuroprotective effects of NV-31, a bilobalide-derived compound is attributed to its antioxidative mechanism. Ahlemeyer 2001 


  The mechanism of Ginkgo Biloba Extract-induced HO-1 gene expression and increase in heme oxygenase activity may be related to alteration of intracellular glutathione levels. Chen 2001 


  Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) has protective effect on ischemia-reperfusion injury. Clostre 2001 


  Different preparations of Ginkgo biloba have quantitatively different actions and outline the importance of the contribution of apoptosis prevention toward their neuroprotective action. Guidetti 2001 


  Amide derivatives of ginkgolide A were prepared and evaluated for their in vitro ability to inhibit the PAF-induced aggregation of rabbit platelets. They showed less activities than their parent compound ginkgolide A. Hu 2001 


  The pharmacologic approaches used for cognitive symptoms of Alzheimer's disease include vitamin E, Ginkgo biloba, estrogen, and the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Keltner 2001 


  The antioxidant potential of biflavones of Ginkgo biloba could be explained by structure-related activity; hydroxy- and methyl-substitutions on the basic structure of these flavonoids played a role. Kim 2001 


  Ginkgo biloba extract-induced relaxation of rat aorta is associated with increase in endothelial intracellular calcium level. Kubota 2001 


  Ginkgo Biloba extracts may regulate nitric oxide release by changing the cell membrane potential in vascular endothelial cells. Li 2001 


  Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb761) treatment on glucose metabolism-related markers in streptozotocin-damaged rat brain produced beneficial effects. Loffler 2001 


  Evaluation of liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry of terpene lactones in plasma of volunteers dosed with Ginkgo biloba L. extracts. Mauri 2001 


  Due to its potent antioxidant properties and ability to enhance peripheral and cerebral circulation, ginkgo's primary application lies in the treatment of cerebrovascular dysfunctions and peripheral vascular disorders. McKenna 2001 


  Induction of gamma-GCS mRNA, protein and GSH may be an ubiquitous effect of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb761 in mammalian cells. Rimbach 2001 


  It is found that Ginkgo biloba extract relieves subarachnoid hemorrhage-induced brain ischemic damage by reversing the pathological alterations of nitric oxide. [Article in Chinese] Sun 2001 


  The protective and rescuing abilities of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 are not only attributable to the antioxidant properties of its flavonoid constituents but also via their ability to inhibit NO-stimulated PKC activity. Bastianetto 2000 


  A review of herbal medicines, including Ginkgo biloba, for psychiatric disorders concludes that evidence of efficacy is growing but chemical complexity and lack of standardization remain problems. Beaubrun 2000 


  The antioxidant ability of nitric oxide generated by a chemical donor, S-Nitroso-N-acetylpenicilamine and of commercially available antioxidant preparations like Ginkgo biloba, wheat and alfalfa preparations was assayed. Boveris 2000 


  Inhibition of type 4 phosphodiesterase by rolipram and Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) decreases agonist-induced rises in internal calcium in human endothelial cells. Campos-Toimil 2000 


  Ginkgo biloba extract enhances, accelerates and prolongs the activation of microglia and astrocytosis at the site of injury. Dietrich 2000 


  The effects of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 on circulating and cellular PUFAs may explain some of its pharmacological properties. Drieu 2000 


  In vitro studies using GeneChips demonstrated a promising strategy for identifying nutritional supplement induced cellular responses that may have a role in counteracting chronic human diseases. Gohil 2000 


  Use of calcineurin inhibitor FK506 plus Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 synergistically improves postischemic cardiac function, while reducing the incidence of reperfusion-induced VF and VT. Haines 2000 


  [Ginkgo biloba: a CNS enhancer.] Huber 2000 


  Bilobalide could prevent the decrease in respiratory activity induced by ischaemia in liver and in brain, both when glutamate/malate or succinate was used as substrate. Janssens 2000 


  Antioxidants and herbal extracts, including Gingko biloba (EGb 761)inhibit glutamate-induced cytotoxicity in HT-4 neuronal cells. Kobayashi 2000 


  Review of trials found Ginkgo biloba as safe as placebo in all cases. Efficacy was clearer in broad cognitive assessments as opposed to narrow memory tests. Le Bars 2000 


  The mechanisms, such as the antagonism of platelet activating factor, antioxidant and metabolic actions, and effects on neurotransmitters, whereby flavonoid and terpenoid components of Ginkgo extract produce beneficial therapeutic effects are reviewed. Logani 2000 


  The pharmacodynamic effect of Ginkgo biloba is likely due to a combination of platelet activating factor antagonistic effects, free radical scavenging activity and modulation of cholinergic function. Nathan 2000 


  Ginkgo biloba extract found to be a potentially important agent in the treatment of glaucoma. Ritch 2000 


  Aspirin, triflusal and Ginkgo biloba extract were associated with some stabilization of dementia progression, perhaps due to their antiplatelet effects. Roman 2000 


  Bilobalide prevents 4-O-methylpyridoxine (MPN) -induced reduction in GABA levels through potentiation by bilobalide of glutamic acid decarboxylase activity, and this effect of bilobalide contributes to its anticonvulsant effect against MPN-induced convulsions. Sasaki 2000 


  Extracts of Ginkgo biloba and Panax ginseng protect brain proteins from free radical induced oxidative damage in vitro. Siddique 2000 


  Ginkgo biloba extract has properties indicative of potential neuroprotective ability. Sloley 2000 


  Bilobalide promotes expression of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor and vascular endothelial growth factor in rat astrocytes. Zheng 2000 


  Ginkgo biloba extract is a mixture of compounds like flavonoids & gingkoglides, which affect metabolism of cAMP, TxA2 & Ca2+ in platelets is effective in inhibition of platelet aggregation, both in platelet-rich plasma & whole blood, and thus may be used as an effective oral anti-platelet agent. [No authors listed] 1999 


  Ginkgo biloba extract EGb and some of its constituents possess anti-apoptotic capacity and bilobalide is the most potent constituent. Ahlemeyer B, Mowes A, Krieglstein J 


  Study of constituents of Ginkgo biloba etract EGb761 on apoptosis in rat cerebellar granule cells induced by hydroxyl radicals showed varied effects. Chen 1999 


  Ginkgo biloba extract has an inhibitory effect on the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in endothelial cells. Cheung 1999 


  Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 shows promise in slowing the progression of Alzheimer's disease. Clostre 1999 


  Insulin-like growth factor Gingko biloba extract IGF-I and EGb761 are not only able to protect but even to rescue neurons against A beta toxicity. Dore 1999 


  Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 protects liver mitochondria against injury induced by in vitro anoxia/reoxygenation. Du 1999 


  Discussion of the pharmacology, precautions, therapeutic uses, and adverse effects of ginkgo biloba, St. John's wort, saw palmetto, and soy. Glisson 1999 


  Antioxidant property of Ginkgo extract make it useful candidate for protection of the skin against free radicals. Hibatallah 1999 


  Review of the pathological mechanisms responsible for neurodegeneration found that only the use of acetylcholine inhibitors: tacrine, donepezil and Gingko Biloba as well as nimodipine improved mental functions (MMSE screening). Kieszek 1999 


  The antioxidant activity of Ginkgo biloba makes it suitable for the prevention of human disease in which free radicals play an important role. Lugasi 1999 


  Ginkgo biloba extract GbE protected the cardiomyocyte against H2O2 injury, the protective action was attributed to its antiperoxidative effect. Niu 1999 


  St. John's wort, ginkgo, and echinacea at high concentrations damage reproductive cells. Ondrizek 1999 


  Ginkgo biloba extract with arginine and magnesium can improve the dynamics of cutaneous trophism in lesions caused by diabetic and non-diabetic microangiopathy. Pepe 1999 


  Bilobalide induces enhancement of excitability of CA1 pyramidal neurons, which involves, in part, a reduction in GABAergic inhibition in rat hippocampus. Sasaki 1999 


  Ginkgo biloba inhibits hydrogen peroxide-induced activation of nuclear factor kappa B in vascular endothelial cells and may be effective for the prevention or treatment of atherosclerosis and similar disorders. Wei 1999 


  Bilobalide inhibited glutamatergic excitotoxic membrane breakdown both in vitro and in vivo, an effect relevant to the treatment of brain hypoxia and/or neuronal hyperactivity. Weichel 1999 


  The inhibition of Ginkgo biloba extract GbE on on adhesion of monocytes and neutrophils to cultured cerebral microvascular endothelial cells, was mediated through the suppression of E-selection expression. Xu 1999 


  Ginkgo biloba leaf extract shows very strong scavenging action on free radicals, useful for the treatment of diseases related to the production of free radicals: ischemic heart disease, cerebral infarction, chronic inflammation, and aging. Yoshikawa 1999 


  Suppressive effect of Ginkgo biloba extract is specific on platelet aggregation stimulated by oxidative stress, and similar to the mechanism related to its protective effect upon cerebral or myocardial injuries. Akiba 1998 


  Ginkgo biloba extract with troxerutine and heptaminol inhibits hypoxia induced neutrophil adherence to endothelium of human veins Arnould 1998 


  Ginkgo biloba extract GbE protected endothelial cells against LPC-induced damage due to reduction in lipid peroxidation and facilitation of synthesis and/or release of epoprostenol. Chen 1998 


  Extract of ginkgo biloba leaves EGb exerts cardiovascular protection against DPPH-impaired cardiac contraction in rabbit isolated heart and endothelium-dependent relaxation in the aortic ring of rabbit in vitro. Chen 1998 


  EGb 761 (50 or 100 mg/kg p.o. daily for 14 days) reduced basal corticosterone secretion and the subsequent increase in gene expression of CRH and AVP (hypothalamic neurohormones) Marcilhac 1998 


  Stoichiometric and kinetic studies with Ginkgo biloba extract and related antioxidants Shi 1998 


  The review focuses on the expression of growth-associated protein (GAP-43), and the pharmacological effects of extract of Ginkgo biloba(EGb 761) during the course of vestibular compensation. [Article in Chinese] Sun 1998 


  EGb 761 or ginkgolide B reduced ACTH-stimulated corticosterone production and expression of the 17kD peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (which is associated with cholesterol transport and lower circulating corticosterone levels.) Amri 1997 


  Leaf extract from Ginkgo (Egb) is more potent than ginsenosides at vascular relaxation. Activity is countered by arginine. Nitric oxide pathway appears to be involved Chen 1997 


  In retinal Muller (glial) cells, EGb 761 reduced the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and reduced light damage induced nuclear organization Grosche 1997 


  Flavonoids from Ginkgo (ginkgolide, bilobalide,quercetin, kaempferol, sciadopitysin, ginkgetin, isoginkgetin) stimulate proliferation of human skin fibroblasts and increase production of collagen and extracellular fibronectin Kim 1997 


  Hypoxia induced phospholipid hydrolysis is suppressed by bilobalide (from Ginkgo biloba), EC50 0.38 microM, but not by a mixture of ginkgolides. Confirmed ex vivo by 2-20 mg/kg 1 h prior to preparation Klein 1997 


  EGb 761 inhibited nitrite and nitrate production induced by lipopolysaccharide in macrophages with an IC50 of about 100 microgm/mL. NF-kappa B DNA binding was not inhibited Kobuchi 1997 


  EGb 761 lowers malondialdehyde (indicator of lipid peroxidation) in red blood cells from Behcet's patients and controls Kose 1997 


  Radical scavenging activity order: for hydroxyl - green tea extract, Pycnogenol, Ginkgo (EGb 761), flavonoid blend; for superoxide - Ginkgo EGb 761, pycnogenol, beta-catechin, tea and BioNormalizer Noda 1997 


  Superoxide (O2-) and hydroperoxyl radicals (HO2) in DMSO are neutralized by terpene lactone ginkgolides B, C and J and bilobalide and by ginkgolide M from the roots but not by the lactone ginkgolide A Scholtyssek 1997 


  EGb 761 or Superoxide Dismutase gave a dose-dependent reduction in oxygen free radical production in ischemic reperfused retina cells Szabo 1997 


  Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb761) attenuated neuronal injury induced by verapamil, the calcium channel blocker Zhu 1997 


  Ginkgolide decreases glucocorticoid resulting in increased ACTH release which induced steroidogenic acute regulatory protein. It also reduced adrenal peripheral benzodiazepine receptor resulting in decreased corticosteroid synthesis Amri 1996 


  EGb761, a radical scavenger, protects retinal pigmented epithelial cells against peroxynitrite injury Behar-Cohen 1996 


  Platelet activating factor (PAF) reduction, by a Ginkgo extract (BN 52020), decreased vascular escape and tachyphylaxis of kidney Ferreira 1996 


  Ginkgo biloba extract enhances radiation effect on tumors without increasing damage to normal tissue Ha 1996 


  Pretreatment of Jurkat T cells with 10 microgm/ml EGb 761 suppresses phorbol stimulated AP-1 DNA activation and c-fos mRNA expression Mizuno 1996 


  100 micrograms/ml EGb protected cerebellar neuronal cells against hydroxyl radical induced apoptosis (cell death) and DNA fragmentation Ni 1996 


  A ginkgo extract relaxes corpus cavernosal tissue which has the potential of benefiting male impotence if a more potent fraction can be found Paick 1996 


  Ginkgo extract for 3 months attenuates muscle enzyme changes resulting from oxygen starvation Punkt 1996 


  Ginkgo extract EGb 761 at 25 and 50 mg/kg improved cardiac function after ischaemia Tosaki 1996 


         Superoxide scavenging and antiproliferative effect of Ginkgo biloba extract on serotonin-induced mitogenesis, DNA synthesis and hyperplasia--Lee, Sheu-Ling; Wang, Wei-Wei; Lanzillo, Joseph; Gillis, C. Norman; Fanburg, Barry L.. Biochem. Pharmacol 56(4):527-33 1998 CA: 129(17)221060d 


         Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 501, an antioxidant, blocks both the elevated superoxide, O2.-, and the proliferative influences of serotonin on artery smooth muscle cells--Biochem Pharmacol 1998 Aug 15;56(4):527-33 


Analytical Chemistry 

  A method was developed for extraction & quantification of 5 compounds of Ginkgo biloba. 5 ginkgo terpene trilactones: bilobalide & ginkgolides A, B, C, & J, were selected as marker compounds in LC-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-MS in -ve ionization mode. de Jager 2006 


  An on-line purification high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry method was successfully developed for the quantitative determination of flavonoids and terpene lactones excreted in human urine after ingesting the herbal supplement, Ginkgo biloba. Ding 2006 


  A reversed-phase HPLC / electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry method was developed & validated for simultaneous determination of 10 major active components in Ginkgo biloba extract including bilobalide, ginkgolides A, B, C, quercetin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin, rutin hydrate. Ding 2006 


  A reversed phase HPLC with evaporative light scattering detection method was developed for the quantitative determination of ginkgolide A, B, C and J and bilobalide in Ginkgo biloba solid oral dosage forms. Dubber 2006 


  A new capillary electrophoretic method for separation of the Ginko biloba leaf extracts components was developed and optimized by the use of experimental design and artificial neural network. Elosta 2006 


  A comparison of testing methods for constituents of Ginkgo biloba was performed as part of the process for determining which of the many available analytical methods was most appropriate for inclusion in the American Herbal Pharmacopoeia. Gray 2006 


  The procedure for sequential uniform design is illustrated through developing the fingerprint of a Ginkgo biloba extract by capillary electrophoresis (CE) with diode array detection. Ji 2006 


  A novel plastocyanin, which contains phenylalanine-83 was purified from the gymnosperm Ginkgo biloba L., and its complete amino acid sequence was determined. Onodera 2006 


  An acaricidal substance extracted from external seed coat of Ginkgo biloba L. was identified by UV (ultraviolet), IR (infrared), EI-MS (electron impact ion source mass spectrometry), (1)H NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) and (13)C NMR as 6-[(Z)-10-heptadecenyl]-2-hydroxybenzoic acid. Pan 2006 


  A fast RP-HPLC method was successfully applied to the analysis of flavonoid aglycones in complex natural samples, like propolis and Ginkgo biloba. Repolles 2006 


  A comparative study was carried out to determine some valuable phytochemical components, macro- and microelement and redox parameters in leaves of male and female Ginkgo biloba trees and in extracts made from them. Stefanovits-Banyai 2006 


  The HPLC fingerprints of the Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE), Ginkgo leaf extract and diphyridamole injection (GLEDI), Ixeris sonchifolia Hance (ISH) and Ixeris sonchifolia Hance injection (ISHI) were compared. [Article in Chinese] Sun 2006 


  HPLC fingerprint study demonstrates the consistent quality of total flavonoids of commercial extracts of ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) leaves (EGb) along with detection of adulterations. Xie 2006 


  An NP-HPLC method both with diode-array and electrochemical detection was developed and validated for the determination of quercetin and kaempferol, the principal active constituents in phytopharmaceuticals of Ginkgo Biloba. Aguilar-Sanchez 2005 


  A liquid chromatography/sonic spray ionization mass spectrometry method (LC/SSI-MS) was developed for qualitative and quantitative analyses of ginkgo terpene trilactones. Chen 2005 


  A comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatographic separation system based on the combination of an immobilized liposome chromatographic column and an ODS column was developed for the separation of components in Ginkgo biloba. [Article in Chinese] Chen 2005 


  An accurate, precise and sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric method was developed for the determination of 2 flavonol glycosides, rutin & quercitrin, together with algycone markers, quercetin, kaempferol & isorhamnetin in several Ginkgo biloba solid oral dosage forms. Dubber 2005 


  A liquid chromatography method with inline ultraviolet/evaporative light scattering (UV/ELS) detection for the simultaneous quantification of the terpenelactones and flavonol aglycones in a single sample of hydrolyzed Ginkgo biloba extract was reported. Gray 2005 


  Phytochemical investigation of Ginkgo biloba (Ginkgoaceae) has resulted in the isolation of two new biflavone glucosides & structures were determined on the basis of chemical and spectroscopic evidences. Hyun 2005 


  A four-step development, optimization and validation strategy for high-performance liquid chromatography fingerprints of Ginkgo biloba extract is described. Ji 2005 


  Some techniques for the preparative isolation of terpene trilactones, including ginkgolides (GA and GB, etc.) and bilobalide (BB), from Ginkgo biloba leaves were investigated and compared. Lai 2005 


  A negative ionization nanoelectrospray ionization mass spectrometry technique that simultaneously detects active components, terpenes and intact flavonol glycosides, and toxic ginkgolic acids in ginkgo products is reported. Liu 2005 


  HPLC method was found to be sensitive and accurate for the measurement of Ginkgo biloba exocarp polysaccharides. [Article in Chinese] Lu 2005 


  The biologically active secondary metabolites of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 in phytopharmaceuticals were analyzed using two simple, rapid, accurate and sensitive HPLC methods. Mesbah 2005 


  Medicines and food supplements based on the dry extract of the leaves of Ginkgo biloba L. were evaluated by determining the content of total flavonoids, rutin and terpene lactones by means of liquid chromatography. Saevels 2005 


  The high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray tandem mass spectrometry assay facilitated the rapid quantitative analysis of ginkgolides A, B, C and J and bilobalide in ginkgo dietary supplements with excellent recovery, reproducibity, accuracy and sensitivity. Sun 2005 


  Ginkgolides A, B, C, J, K, L and M and bilobalide are rare terpene trilactones that have been isolated from leaves and root bark of the Chinese tree Ginkgo biloba and they were found to be potent and selective antagonists of platelet activating factor. van Beek 2005 


  A fingerprint chromatogram of a standardized Ginkgo biloba extract is developed on a monolithic silica column using a ternary gradient containing water, iso-propanol and tetrahydrofuran. van Nederkassel 2005 


  A rapid and simple method using accelerated solvent extraction and solid-phase extraction cleanup was developed and validated for the determination of 15 organophosphorus pesticides in ginkgo leaves by capillary gas chromatography with flame photometric detection. Yi 2005 


  Samples of herbal medicine including 15 samples of Ginkgo biloba, 13 of Maytenus ilicifolia, etc. which are used in Brazil were analyzed, after nitric digestion, for the content of cadmium, mercury and lead, by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Caldas 2004 


  A method has been developed for measuring ginkgolide A, B, and bilobalide in ginkgo biloba L. extracts by using a self-assembled microdialysis device coupled on-line to high-performance liquid chromatography. Chiu 2004 


  1H-NMR spectrometry was applied to the analysis of the total content of ginkgolic acids in leaves of Ginkgo biloba and in six types of commercial Ginkgo products in the absence of chromatographic purification. Choi 2004 


  Four ginkgolides (GA, GB, GC, GJ) and bilobalide (BB) from both the ginkgo leaves and commercially available ginkgo extracts were quantitatively extracted by using RP-HPLC based on the theory of terpene trilactones ionization. The recovery rate of the method was 97.5-100% with RSD of 1.2-2.8%. Ding 2004 


  A suitable validated high-performance liquid chromatographic - photodiode array detection method was developed to identify and quantitate five relevant flavonol marker compounds and was successfully used to assay some commercially available solid oral dosage forms of Ginkgo biloba. Dubber 2004 


  A new method of HPLC analysis was established to determine both the serum levels of 4-O-methylpyridoxine (MPN) in 5 patients with Ginkgo biloba seed poisoning and the levels of free-form MPN in such seeds obtained in 8 regions of Japan. Hori 2004 


  An efficient and rapid protocol for separation of individual ginkgolides A, B, C & J and bilobalide from Ginkgo biloba extracts have been developed. Jaracz 2004 


  Sample preparation procedures for determination of ginkgo terpene trilactones in various sample matrixes were developed and the identities of target compounds in ginkgo leaves and drink samples were confirmed by LC/electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. Lang 2004 


  Prolyl endopeptidase activity-guided fractionation and column chromatography of the MeOH extracts of Ginkgo biloba leaves resulted in the isolation of prolyl endopeptidase inhibitors 6-(8'Z-pentadecenyl)salicylic acid and 6-(10'Z-heptadecenyl)salicylic acid. Lee 2004 


  HPLC method was found to be feasible to purify polyprenol from leaves of Ginkgo biloba L. and could increase the purity of polyprenol obviously. [Article in Chinese] Li 2004 


  A newly developed 1H NMR method enables the simultaneous analysis of terpene trilactones and flavonols of Ginkgo biloba and allows simple, rapid quantification of these compounds in pharmaceutical Ginkgo preparations. Li 2004 


  An easy and efficient protocol was developed for isolating good-quality total RNA from various tissues including fruits, leaves, stems, and roots of ancient gymnosperm species, taxus and ginkgo. Liao 2004 


  Determination of the ginkgolide A, B, C content of 10 batches of total lactone of ginkgo (TLG) raw material by RP-HPLC-ELSD showed that the content of GA, GB and GC were different but TLG very high (all > 90%). [Article in Chinese] Liu 2004 


  The total phenolics and antioxidant activities of fenugreek, green tea, black tea, grape seed, ginger, rosemary, gotu kola, and ginkgo extracts, vitamin E, and tert-butylhydroquinone, were determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method. Rababah 2004 


  The ginkgolides in "Lu Kang Yin Xing Ye Pian" were identified by TLC & flavones, ginkgolides and ginkgolic acids were determined by HPLC. This method was proved to be accurate and able to be applied for the quality control of this preparation. [Article in Chinese] Tao 2004 


  The molecular weight of purified alpha-mannosidase from developing Ginkgo biloba seeds was estimated to be 120 kDa by SDS-PAGE in presence of 2-mercaptoethanol, & 340 kDa by gel filtration, indicating that Ginkgo alpha-mannosidase may function in oligomeric structures in plant cell. Woo 2004 


  An accurate simple HPLC-DAD method was established for the determination of the fingerprint of tablets of Ginkgo biloba and used for the quality control of its preparations. [Article in Chinese] Xu 2004 


  A valuable procedure is described for the preparation of (S)-dolichol and (S)- nor dolichol starting from the polyprenyl fraction extracted from Gingko biloba integer or exhausted leaves. Bizzarri 2003 


  1H-NMR spectrometry was applied to the quantitative analysis of the bilobalide, ginkgolides A, B, and C in Ginkgo biloba leaves and six kinds of commercial Ginkgo products without any chromatographic purification. Choi 2003 


  A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of seven major chemical markers (bilobalide, ginkgolides A, B, C, kaempferol, quercetin and isorhamnetin) in phytopharmaceuticals of Ginkgo biloba L. Deng 2003 


  The free radical scavenging activity of different extracts from Ginkgo biloba leaves, has been determined by electron paramagnetic resonance using the DPPH radical scavenging method. Ellnain-Wojtaszek 2003 


  A novel HPLC-UV method, developed by the use of HPLC-APCI-MS HPLC-DAD techniques and allowing the identification of ginkgolic acids and related phenols, is described. Fuzzati 2003 


  Successful application of information theory with modification to simulated chromatographic fingerprints together with real herbs like Rhizoma chuanxiong & Ginkgo biloba from different sources showed that proposed method to determine chromatographic fingerprints was reliable. Gong 2003 


  A rapid and economic semi-synthetic preparation of amentoflavone have been developed from biflavones isolated from autumnal Ginkgo biloba leaves. Hanrahan 2003 


  A RP-HPLC method with evaporative light scattering detection (ELSD) was developed for the determination of ginkgolides and bilobalide in Ginkgo biloba L. extract injections & the recovery of the method was between 98.3 and 102.1%. Tang 2003 


  A sensitive, simple and accurate reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography was applied to determine quercetin and kaempferol after orally administrated tablet of Ginkgo biloba extract in human urine. Wang 2003 


  A high performance liquid chromatographic method was found to be accurate, fast, simple, and can be used for determination of ginkgolic acids in Ginkgo biloba extract and its preparations. [Article in Chinese] Wu 2003 


  The technology of supercritical CO2 fluid extraction for ginkgolic acids in the epicarp of Ginkgo biloba L. was studied. [Article in Chinese] Yin 2003 


  Ginkgolic acids (GA) from exopleura of Ginkgo biloba was isolated and to analysed by using HPLC & the average recovery of GA was 97.50% with RSD of 1.70%. [Article in Chinese] Zhang 2003 


  [Novel atoxic method of flavonoid extraction from Ginkgo biloba leaves.] Zhang 2003a 


  A simple, fast and accurate method was developed for assaying Ginkgo flavones in rat hepatical microsome using HPLC. [Article in Chinese] Zhu 2003 


  Three new compounds were isolated from Ginkgo biloba, together with 27 known compounds. The structures of the new compounds were determined primarily from 1D- and 2D-NMR analysis. Bedir 2002 


  Capillary gas chromatography was used for the quantitative identification of bilobalide and the main ginkgolides (ginkgolide A, B, and C) of Ginkgo biloba. The retention indices of these compounds were also determined. Gogos 2002 


  A liquid chromatographic-electrospray mass spectrometric method was developed for the determination of ginkgolides and bilobalide and applied to the analysis of 26 commercial ginkgo products, revealing large variations in the composition and concentrations of ginkgolides and bilobalides. Li 2002 


  Six kinds of elements of selenium, germanium, copper, zinc, iron and manganese in the digested solution of 3 herbs including Ginkgo biloba were determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. [Article in Chinese] Liang 2002 


  By the characteristic and reproducible combinative method of fingerprint spectrums, the ultraviolet spectrum group draft of EGB761 was depicted. [Article in Chinese] Liu 2002 


  A simple pre-treated method and high performance liquid chromatographic method for separation and determination of ginkgolic acids in Ginkgo biloba leaves. [Article in Chinese] Yang 2002 


  The total flavonoid content and anti-free radical activity the bamboo leaf are comparable with the leaf of ginkgo biloba, which is a kind of potential resources for natural antioxidant and free radical scavenger. [Article in Chinese] Zhang 2002 


  The contents of amino acids and 10 kinds of vitamins in ginkgo biloba leaves were analyzed via HPLC and the results shows that it contains 92.26 mg amino acids per gram leaves & the rate of essential amino acids amount to total amino acids amount is 46.9%. [Article in Chinese] Chen 2001 


  A convenient and reliable analytical method has been firstly achieved for the quantification of ginkgolic acids from Ginkgo biloba leaves by reversed-phase argentation high performance liquid chromatography. He 2001 


  An excellent reverse phase argentation high performance liquid chromatographic method for separation of homologous with different carbon atom numbers and double bond was useful for the quality control of extract of Ginkgo biloba leaves. [Article in Chinese] He 2001 


  Fluorophotometric thin-layer chromatography of ginkgo terpenes by postchromatographic thermochemical derivatization demonstrated a fluctuation of individual total terpenes among replicate samples, casting doubt on the consistency of their pharmacological and clinical efficacy. Peishan 2001 


  The trace constituents in total ginkgolide from leaves of Ginkgo biloba was analyzed by LC/DAD/ESI/MS combination technology and 2 compounds were identified as 1, 10-dihydroxy-3, 14-didehydro-ginkgolide and 10-hydroxy-3, 14-didehydro-ginkgolide, named as ginkgolide K and L,. [Article in Chinese] Wang 2001 


  The sequence of GAFP, an antifungal peptide from Ginkgo biloba leaves, show cysteine/glycine-rich chitin binding domain. Huang 2000 


  Ethyl acetate fraction of Ginkgo biloba leaf extract, purified by HPLC, was shown to have antimicrobial activity against Enterococcus faecalis 31. Mazzanti 2000 


  Liquid chromatography analysis of ground Ginkgo biloba seeds, extracted in boiling water for 2h, showed high ginkgotoxin levels. Scott 2000 


  Ginkbilobin, a novel antifungal protein from Ginkgo biloba seeds, was isolated using various chromatography methods and gel filtraton. Wang 2000 


  A new rapid analytical method was developed for the quantification of terpene lactones (bilobalide(BB) and ginkgolide A, B, C, J) in extract of Ginkgo biloba L. using a liquid-liquid solvent extraction procedure followed by high performance liquid chromatography. Wang 2000 


  High performance liquid chromatography analysis shows that the contents of flavonoids in the leaves of Ginkgo biloba, gathered from different producing areas are different, but in those gathered from Pizhou, Zheng'an Xing'an, Anlu, etc. of China appear higher. [Article in Chinese] Wang 2000 


  Ten phenolic compounds found in chloroform extract of Ginkgo biloba sarcotestas inhibit phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase Cgamma1 (PI-PLCgamma1) and cancer cells. Activities are decreased by acetylation Lee 1998 


  Counter-current chromatographic separation of isorhamnetin, kaempferol and quercetin from crude flavone aglycones of Ginkgo Yang 1998 


  HPLC indicates free phenolic acids 19.7 ug/g of fresh leaves, 345.3 ug/g of roots and 2.7 ug/g of seed testas. Proto-catechuic acid is dominant Ellnain-Wojtaszek 1997 


  The content of total saccharides in exocarp of Ginkgo biloba was 89.7%; content of polysaccharides was 84.6%; content of reductic saccharides was 5.1%. [Article in Chinese] Song 1997 


  14-Methylhexadecanoic (14-MHD) acid found by GLC/MS in Ginkgo and Pinus, animals and microorganisms; but not Taxus, Juniperus, Sciadopytis. Wolff 1997 


  Review: flavonoids interesting as radical scavengers and ginkgolides (terpenes) as inhibitors of platelet activating factor [Article in German] Z'Brun 1995 


         Institute for Nutraceutical Advancement 


         A validated method for detecting Flavonol Glycosides in Ginkgo Biloba, by HPLC. Institute for Nutraceutical Advancement 


         HPLC chromatogram of Flavonol Glycosides in Ginkgo Biloba. Institute for Nutraceutical Advancement 


         A validated method for determining Ginkgoterpenoids in Ginkgo Biloba, by HPLC. Institute for Nutraceutical Advancement 


         HPLC chromatogram of Ginkgoterpenoids in Ginkgo Biloba. Institute for Nutraceutical Advancement 


Pharmacokinetics (ADME) 

  The possible influence of an Ginkgo biloba extract on the bioavailability of the sodium pertechnetate and on the morphometry of some organs isolated from rats was evaluated. Moreno 2007 


  A novel high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectromentry method was developed for the determination of ginkgolide B in dog plasma & the assay method was successfully applied to the pre-clinical pharmacokinetic study of ginkoglide B. Hua 2006 


  The co-ingestion of 120 mg of Ginkgo biloba extract and 500 mg of metformin did not significantly affect the pharmacokinetic properties of metformin T2DM patients and persons without diabetes. Kudolo 2006 


  Examination of the effect of ergoloid mesylates (EM) and ginkgo biloba on ticlopidine pharmacokinetics shows that EM is a more potent inhibitor of organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP-B) than is ginkgo biloba, and it can reduce the oral bioavailability of drugs transported by OATP-B. Lu 2006 


  Oral coadministration of ginkgo & onion in rats decreased Cmax of cyclosporin (CS) by 62% & 60% & reduced AUC0-t by 51% & 68% respectively, whereas no influence was observed when CS was given i.v. This indicates that interactions between CS & ginkgo or onion occurred at absorption site. Yang 2006 


  The effects of the standard Ginkgo biloba extract (EGB 761) treatment on the pharmacokinetics of propranolol and its metabolism to form N-desisopropylpropranolol (NDP) in rats were investigated. Zhao 2006 


  Serum Pharmacology and Traditional Pharmacology, were adopted to study Chinese traditional medicine, such as Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE), ginsenosides (GS) and compound GG (GBE+GS), pharmacology in vitro. Bochu 2005 


  The effect of combined aqueous extracts (BHR) of Ginko biloba, Mentha arvensis var. piperascens, Citrus unshiu & Pueraria lobata var. chinensis on oral absorption of alcohol in rats was examined which showed reduced serum alcohol levels as well as reduced AUC & C(max) after pretreatment with BHR. Shin 2005 


  It is indicated that Ginkgo flavonols quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin were substrates of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and the P-gp type efflux pump might limit the bioavailability of Ginkgo flavonols. Wang 2005 


  Ginkgo biloba increased the bioavailability of diltiazem and the extract has been shown to protect against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity and gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in animals. Dubey 2004 


  Supplementation of extracts of Ginkgo biloba 90 mg/day for 30 days in 14 inpatients with Alzheimer's disease does not have major impact on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of donepezil. Yasui-Furukori 2004 


  The data on the pharmacokinetics of flavonol glycosides and terpene lactones of Ginkgo biloba is summarised. Biber 2003 


  Liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization ion trap mass spectrometry was applied to evaluate the bioavailibility of two different forms (free and complexed with soy phospholipids) of pure bilobalide and ginkgolide B in rats after acute administration. Mauri 2003 


  An open-labeled, randomized, crossover trial conducted in eight healthy human volunteers to determine if ginkgo biloba alters the pharmacokinetics of digoxin, showed no such interaction. Mauro 2003 


  The concomitant use of Ginkgo biloba leaf extract in rats increased the bioavailability of diltiazem by inhibiting both intestinal and hepatic metabolism, at least in part, via a mechanism-based inhibition for CYP3A. Ohnishi 2003 


  Quercetin and kaempferol in different period of human urine were determined by using RP-HPLC in 10 adult volunteers who were with an average age 28 years and given a single oral dose of six tablets of Ginkgo biloba extract. Wang 2003 


  Examination of Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) on hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes, particularly cytochrome P450 (CYP), in rats shows that excess intake of GBE induces CYP enzymes, particularly pentoxyresorufin O-dealkylase, and may modify the efficacy of drugs taken simultaneously. Umegaki 2002 


  A solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method to quantify quercetin and kaempferol levels in human urine after Ginkgo biloba tablet consumption is studied. Watson 1999 


Genetics & Molecular Biology 

  Remnants of maturase and reverse transcriptase sequences in the 2.7 kb cox2 intron of Ginkgo biloba was detected, which is the only living species of an ancient gymnosperm lineage, suggesting that the intron originally harbored a splicing factor. Ahlert 2006 


  A full-length cDNA encoding a dehydrin was cloned from the living fossil plant Ginkgo biloba by rapid amplification of cDNA ends, has the potential to play a role in response to abscisic acid and environmental stresses that can cause plant dehydration. Deng 2006 


  The cloning, characterization and functional analysis of a 2C-methyl- D-erythritol 2, 4-cyclodiphosphate synthase gene (MECPS) from ginkgo biloba would be helpful to understand more about the role of MECPS involved in the ginkgolides biosynthesis at the molecular level. Gao 2006 


  A full-length cDNA of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase was isolated and characterized from the gymnosperm plant species, Ginkgo biloba. Gong 2006 


  It is suggested that extract of Ginkgo biloba had similar effects of the neurotrophins such as NGF and BDNF in promoting the development of NOS and AChE positive neurons in the rat embryonic basal forebrain. Jin 2006 


  2-C-Methyl-D: -erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate synthase gene (GbMECS) involved in ginkgolide biosynthesis pathway was cloned and characterized from Ginko biloba embryonic roots, and the full open reading frame was deduced as protein consisting of 238 amino acid residues. Kim 2006 


  The property of cloned Chlase of Ginko biloba (GbCLH) and its location within the chloroplasts suggest that GbCLH plays a role in the turnover and homeostasis of chlorophylls in green leaves of G. biloba. Okazawa 2006 


  The full-length cDNA and genomic DNA sequences of flavanone 3-hydroxylase gene were isolated from Ginko biloba for the first time. Shen 2006 


  The full-length cDNA encoding 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase was isolated from Ginkgo biloba for the first time (designated as GbHMGR, GenBank accession number AY741133), which contained a 1713 bp ORF encoding 571 amino acids. Shen 2006 


  A putative anthocyanidin reductase gene from Ginkgo biloba was isolated by rapid amplification of cDNA ends and the gene is found to be composed of five exons and four introns. Shen 2006 


  To clarify the molecular evolution of the AP2 subfamily, the genes with two AP2 domains from 3 gymnosperms, Cycas revoluta, Ginkgo biloba, and Gnetum parvifolium,as well as from the moss Physcomitrella patens were isolated and sequenced. Shigyo 2006 


  It is indicated that despite the large size of ginkgo gametes and the taxonomic separation between pteridophytes and Ginkgo biloba, similar proteins in gametes of both groups perform similar functions and are therefore homologous among these plants. Vaughn 2006 


  Comprehensive analyses based on specific loci, similarity coefficient & clustering results, found 8 cultivars 'Fastigiata', 'Tit', 'Tubifolia', 'Daeryinxing','Variegata','Horizontalis,'Pendula'&'Yiyuanyeziyinxing' were considered important germplasms of ornamental cultivars of Ginkgo biloba. Wang 2006 


  Analysis of an EST dataset from Ginkgo biloba revealed genes potentially unique to gymnosperms. Brenner 2005 


  Tissue expression pattern analysis indicated that GbDXR expressed in all tissues including roots, stems, leaves, pericarps and seeds and lower transcription level was observed in leaves of Ginkgo biloba than that of other tissues. Gong 2005 


  Expressions of Ginlfy and GinNdly gene were studied by northern blotting in different organs and stages of Ginkgo Biloba. [Article in Chinese] Guo 2005 


  Ginkgolide B, a gene component of Ginkgo biloba tree is a potent blocker of beta subunit containing recombinant glycine receptors (GlyRs) channels and hence can be used to discriminate homo- from hetero-oligomeric GlyRs. Kondratskaya 2005 


  A new abscisic acid, stress and ripening gene was cloned from Ginkgo biloba by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) method. Shen 2005 


  Expression analysis revealed that Ginkgo biloba defensin, a novel defensin gene isolated from Ginkgo biloba, was up-regulated by wounding and methyl jasmonate treatments, suggesting that Gbd is potentially involved in plant resistance or tolerance to pathogens during wounding. Shen 2005 


  To make inferences about the glacial refugia that harbored Ginkgo biloba, the genetic structure of 8 potential refugial populations and plantations using chloroplast DNA with eight size variants in the trnK1-trnK2 fragment was examined. Shen 2005 


  To gain insight into the behavior of monolignol glucoside in Ginkgo biloba L., the glucosides potentially involved in lignin biosynthetic pathway was examined. Tsuji 2005 


  An improved protocol was developed to isolate total RNA in good yield and integrity from Ginkgo biloba leaves containing high levels of flavonoid glycosides, terpene lactones, carbohydrates and polyphenolic secondary metabolites. Wang 2005 


  It is found that the substrate specificity of Ginkgo alpha-mannosidase is significantly regulated by cobalt ions. Woo 2005 


  A specific effect of ginkgolides on cytochrome P-450 gene expression was observed and the Ginkgolides had various effects on different cytochrome P-450 isoforms. [Article in Chinese] Yang 2005 


  Genetic diversity and differentiation of nine populations of Ginkgo biloba L. (Ginkgoaceae)from China were evaluated using RAPD. Fan 2004 


  It has been reported for the first time the cloning of a new full-length cDNA encoding GGPPS from the living fossil plant Ginkgo biloba. Liao 2004 


  The effect of different concentrations of Ginkgo biloba extract on the labeling of blood constituents with technetium-99m, as sodium pertechnetate (3.7 MBq), and on the mobility of a plasmid DNA treated with SnCl2 (1.2 microg/ml) at room temperature was assessed. Moreno 2004 


  A chalcone synthase gene was cloned from Ginkgo biloba for the first time and it was also the first cloned gene involved in flavonoids metabolic pathway in G. biloba. Pang 2004 


  The cloning, characterization and functional analysis of a new cDNA encoding Farnesyl diphosphate synthase from Ginkgo biloba was reported. Wang 2004 


  A study of MADS-box genes in Ginkgo biloba, the unique extant representative of a whole branch of the phylogenetic tree of the seed plants was undertaken and a polymerase chain reaction survey reveals the diversity of MADS-box genes present in the genome of the Ginkgo. Jager 2003 


  Several herbal extracts (ginseng, Fo-Ti, white oak bark, licorice, ginkgo biloba, and black cohosh) stimulated AhR DNA binding and gene expression to levels between 20 and 60% of that produced by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Jeuken 2003 


  The molecular mechanism of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 on alleviating effects of oxidative stress is investigated using transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans expressing a jellyfish green fluorescent protein-tagged inducible small heat-shock protein gene (hsp-16-2). Strayer 2003 


  During investigations of the syncytial stage that initiates development of the female gametophyte in gymnosperms, the large (3-4 mm) female gametophyte of Ginkgo biloba was studied. Brown 2002 


  The nuclei of Ginkgo biloba are reticulated & contain Lacandonia granules ribonucleoprotein particle showing similarities to perichromatin & Balbiani ring granules, which are involved in nuclear mRNA metabolism & suggested that these particles may also be present in other plants. Jimenez-Ramirez 2002 


  Standardized extract of Ginkgo biloba leaves, bilobalide and ginkgolide A increases levels of detoxification enzymes in mouse liver. Sasaki 2002 


  The results of variance analyses show that there are significant differences to flavone glycosides, terpenes in clones, and the law of genetic parameters on heritability and genetic variability coefficient, is clone > sex > provenance to flavone glycosides in ginkgo leaves. [Article in Chinese] Xing 2002 


  In hippocampal synaptosomes Egb increased binding of [3H]hemicholinium-3 & choline uptake but no change in sodium pump activity nor second messenger effect of arachidonic acid Kristofikova 1997 


  Ginkgo biloba extract on the skin locally increased activity of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) Lin 1997 


         Ginkgo biloba in Mendel Plant Gene Nomenclature Database 




FORMULAS/BLENDS


 

Contemporary Formulas 

  Ginkgolide M, is an inhibitor of ligand-operated ion channels in the central nervous system, has been prepared in three steps from 10-benzylginkgolide C, an intermediate generated during the isolation and separation of ginkgolides from Ginkgo biloba leaf extract. Bolshakov 2006 


  The successful application of modified secured principal component regression to 2 real herbal medicines including Ginkgo biloba from various sources demonstrates that the proposed method can detect reasonably unexpected features differing from the regulars or not being modeled. Li 2006 


  The Glycyrrhiza glabra & Ginkgo biloba extracts alone & formulations containing these extracts showed great antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities & they may be used in topical formulations in order to protect skin against damage caused by free radical & reactive oxygen species. Di Mambro 2005 


  A single laboratory validation (SLV) was completed for a method to determine the flavonol aglycones quercetin, kaempferol, and isorhamnetin in Ginkgo biloba products. Gray 2005 


  Taking pH, disintegration time and rigidity as index, the formulation and technique of EGb effervescent tablets were optimized by orthogonal experiment, the products were prepared and its stability were tested. [Article in Chinese] Hu 2005 


  The method of residue analysis of a new synthesized fungicide 2-allylphenol was studied by simulating the active compound structure in Gingko tree (Gingko biloba L.) and its dissipation rate and terminal residue levels in tomato under field condition. Hu 2005 


  Ginkgotoxin was determined in 10 Ginkgo biloba natural health products by the simple extraction method at levels up to 181 microg/g. Lawrence 2005 


  In this study porous glass fiber membranes were modified by reaction with octadecyl-trichlorosilane to form C18 hydrophobic membranes and the resulting C18 hydrophobic membranes were used to adsorb terpene lactones from crude Ginkgo biloba L. extracts. Su 2005 


  The extracts of various polyherbal drugs exhibited dose-dependent NO scavenging activities and the potency was in the following order: abana > chyavanaprasha > triphala > geriforte > septilin > mentat > Gingko biloba. Jagetia 2004 


  This article deals with the production of the tincture of Ginkgo biloba leaves, Crataegus fruits and Leonurus herbs while selecting an extractant, the size of particles in a raw material and possible methods of extraction. [Article in Lithuanian] Bernatoniene 2003 


  The study on the formulation and technique of preparation of rapid-dissoluted EGb (Extract of Ginkgo biloba) droppills shows that the rapid-dissoluted EGb droppills can increase the dissoluting rate distinctly and reach the purpose of preparation. [Article in Chinese] Ge 2003 


  The relative levels of antioxidant activity in vitro in Ginkgo biloba samples (in tablet or capsule form) from different commercial suppliers was compared. Mantle 2003 


  The extraction technology of flavonoids from Ginkgo biloba leaves was studied & when the crude leaves used the cellulase enzyme pretreatment before extraction process, the extraction yield of total flavone was up to 2.01%. [Article in Chinese] Wang 2003 


  The tinctura of Ginkgo leaves was produced by percolation method, analyzed at determination of the sum of flavonoids in terms of quercetin, dry residue, and the concentration of ethanol, density, refraction index, heavy metals and microbe pollution. [Article in Lithuanian] Bernatoniene 2002 


  An efficient and rapid protocol has been developed for extracting ginkgolides and bilobalide (terpene trilactones) from Ginkgo biloba leaves using reversed-phase chromatography. Lichtblau 2002 


  Zingicomb (Zingiber:ginkgo ratio of 2.5:1) increased maze exploration while ratio of 1:1 and 1:2.5 had no effect. Addition of diazepam retarded learning the maze Hasenohrl 1998 


  BioGinkgo 27/7, using a method that enriches ginkgolide B, has greater bioavailability to rabbits than other extracts Li 1997 


  It is important to conserve Ginkgo species diversity since different subspecies may have different pharmacochemical properties Pang 1996 


  Platelet-activating factor induced platelet aggregation as a bio-assay agrees with gas chromatography measurement of ginkgolides [Article in German] Steinke 1993 


  Quality control and standardization of Ginkgo preparations with flavonoid and lactone analysis Sticher 1993 


  Ginkgo extract is complex product from green leaves of Ginkgo biloba trees growing in plantations in South Korea, Japan and France. It contains flavonoid substances, such as the Ginkgo-flavone glycosides and terponoids [Article in French] Drieu 1986 


Folk Blends 

No Records

 

Patents 

         Conduct a search on "ginkgo" or "gingko" in the title, abstract or claims section of the US patent database 


         Conduct a search on "Ginkgo biloba" in the title, abstract or claims section of the US patent database 


         Pharmaceutical compositions useful in prevention and treatment of beta-Amyloid protein-induced disease US Patent 6,887,898 


         Pressurized water extraction US Patent 6,524,628 


         Method and synergistic composition for treating attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder US Patent 6,541,043 


         Compositions containing compounds with adrenergic activity and vegetable extracts of Crataegus and gingko biloba for the treatment of overweight and obesity. US Patent 6,447,818 


         Hydroxyproline-rich proteins and pharmaceutical and cosmetic formulations containing them. US Patent 6,072,030 


         Cosmetic composition US Patent 5,468,492 




OTHER INFORMATION


 

Pictures & Distribution Maps 

         female Ginkgo biloba the leaves fall before the seeds. female Ginkgo biloba 


         Ginkgo biloba FRUIT 


         Ginkgo biloba seed development 


         Plant pictures by Henrietta Kress 


         Plant picture at Michael Moore 


         Two of the oldest Ginkgos outside Asia are in Europe. The tree in Utrecht (the Netherlands) is seen as one of the oldest, but the tree in Geetbets (Belgium) is thicker.... oldest Ginkgos 


         Virginia USA 


Cultivation, Conservation & Ecology 

  The precursors greatly influenced the productivity of bilobalide and ginkgolides in the suspension cell cultures of Ginkgo biloba. Kang 2006 


  The differences in pigment levels and photosynthetic activity of green sun and shade leaves of ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba L.) and beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) are described. The fan-shaped gymnosperm ginkgo leaves show the same high and low irradiance adaptation response as the angiosperm beech leaves. Sarijeva 2006 


  When stored at 25 degrees C, all the Ginkgo biloba seeds died in 6 months. Cold temperatures preserved seed tissue viability for 1 year but did not preserve their capability to germinate, since such capability decreased after 6 months. Tommasi 2006 


  A cDNA encoding a trehalose-6-phosphate synthase homologue was isolated and characterized from the living fossil plant, Ginkgo biloba, which is highly tolerant to drought and cold. Wu 2006 


  2-naphthoxyacetic acid stimulates elongation effectively at low concentrations in petioles of the gymnosperm Ginkgo biloba L., in hypocotyls or internodes of the dicot legumes, mung bean and pea in cotyledons of onion and in leaf bases of chive. Hossel 2005 


  Mixed plantations of ubiquitous adaptable species including Ginkgo biloba, Hibiscus syriacus, etc. and naturally occurring black locust will enhance the landscape through synergistic effects. Kim 2005 


  Cell suspension cultures of five plants including Catharanthus roseus and Ginkgo biloba, were employed to bioconvert the eudesmanolide compound, alpha-santonin. Yang 2005 


  The various treatments in improving height growth of Ginkgo biloba were: organic fertilizer plus intercropping > soil preparation by blasting plus intercropping > organic fertilizer > soil preparation by blasting > intercropping. [Article in Chinese] He 2004 


  Observation of lignifying secondary cell walls of ginkgo tracheids by field emission scanning electron microscopy suggested that lignin-hemicellulose complexes are formed as tubular bead-like modules surrounding cellulose microfibrils (CMFs) & they finally fill up the space between CMFs. Terashima 2004 


  Volatiles emitted by spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch-infested plants of 11 species including grapevine and ginkgo were compared. van den Boom 2004 


  The feasibility of developing Ginkgo biloba roots from transformed calli was shown for the first time. Ayadi 2003 


  Seasonal changes of nitrogen and phosphorus and their translocation from leaves of ten tree species including Ginkgo biloba, and Evodiopanax innovans in central Japan was evaluated. [Article in Chinese] Xue 2003 


  It is indicated that the methanol eluates from Ginkgo biloba root could significantly stimulate the spore germination and hyphal growth of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus mosseae, Gigaspora margarita), and the 80% methanol eluates had the most significant effect. [Article in Chinese] Zhang 2003 


  [The missing link in Ginkgo evolution.] Zhou 2003 


  The relations of the productivity stability of to the homogenization of Ginkgo biloba cells by single cell clones using plant single cell plate culture technique were investigated. [Article in Chinese] Dai 2000 


  Considered rare precious living resources are 13 Chinese medicinal herbs,including Taxus mairei, Ginkgo biloba, Gastrodia elata, Dendrobium huashanense, etc, found in the Funiu mountains area due to its special geographical position and climate. [Article in Chinese] Yang 1999 


         "Phytomedicines as a New Crop Opportunity" by Loren D. Israelsen, at NewCROP 


         "Phytomedicines as a New Crop Opportunity" by Loren D. Israelsen, at NewCROP 


         "Herbs Affecting the Central Nervous System" by Varro E. Tyler, at NewCROP 


         Distribution map and other data at PLANTS National Database 


Related Links 

  Scroll down index of herbs to find Folium Ginkgo within the pdf file in WHO monograph 


         Monograph printed in Alternative Medicine Review 


         Research by UNC School of Pharmacy students enrolled in the Fall 1997 course of Pharmacy 100 (Complementary and Alternative Medicines in the Community Pharmacy) compiled by Chad Bradshaw, Pharm.D Complementary and Alternative Medicine 


         Short monograph by D Hoffmann 


         Ginkgo biloba use and chemical chart at Liber Herbarum II 


         Monograph at NCCAM Herbs-at-a-Glance 


         Search for Ginkgo biloba in Dr. Duke's Phytochem and Ethnobot DB 


         Cor Kwant's The Ginkgo Pages 




DYNAMIC UPDATES


 

Live PubMed Searches 

  Ginkgo biloba and Analytical Chemistry 


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HISTORY OF RECORD


RESEARCHED BY: Soaring Bear, Ph.D.    1998

RESEARCH UPDATED BY: Michael C. Tims, PhD. candidate    2003

REVISED BY: J Mohanasundaram, MD, PhD    December 2006


 

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